Wind Energy An Introduction

Wind Energy: An Introduction covers wind energy system types, operation, modeling, analysis, integration, and control. Beginning with a history of the development of wind energy, this comprehensive book: Explains the aerodynamic theories that govern the operation of wind turbines Presents wind energy statistics to address the stochastic nature of wind speed Employs the statistical modeling of wind speed to evaluate sites for wind energy generation Highlights the differences between the most common types of wind turbines Analyzes the main power electronic circuits used in wind energy Details the induction, synchronous, and permanent magnet generators from the basic principle of induced voltage to the steady-state and dynamic models Explores the operation, stability, control, and protection of type 1, 2, 3, and 4 wind turbines Discusses the main integration challenges of wind energy systems with electric utility systems Features numerous models, illustrations, real-world examples, and exercise problems Includes a solutions manual and figure slides with qualifying course adoption Wind Energy: An Introduction requires a basic knowledge of electric circuit theory, making it an ideal text for students at the senior-undergraduate and graduate levels. In addition, the book provides practicing engineers with a handy professional reference.

Preface Author List of Variables History of the Wind Energy Development Wind Turbines Offshore Wind Turbines Exercise Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines Wind Speed Impact of Friction and Height on Wind Speed Air Density WT Blades Angle of Attack Relative Wind Speed Pitch Angle Coefficient of Performance Tip-Speed Ratio Blade Power Separation of WTs Exercise Wind Statistics Average Variance and Standard Deviation Cumulative Distribution Function Probability Density Function Weibull Distribution Function Rayleigh Distribution Function Dependency and Repeatability Cross-Correlation Repeatability Exercise Overview of Wind Turbines Classification of Wind Turbines Alignment of Rotating Axis Types of Generators Speed of Rotation Power Conversion Control Actions Types of Wind Turbines Type 1 Wind Turbine Type 2 Wind Turbine Type 3 Wind Turbine Type 4 Wind Turbine Type 5 Wind Turbine Exercise Solid-State Converters AC/DC Converters with Resistive Load Rectifier Circuits Voltage-Controlled Circuits Three-Phase Circuits AC/DC Converters with Inductive Load Current Calculations Voltage Calculations Freewheeling Diodes DC/DC Converters Buck Converter Boost Converter Buck–Boost Converter DC/AC Converters Three-Phase DC/AC Converter Pulse Width Modulation AC/AC Converters Exercise Induction Generator Description of Induction Machine Representation of Induction Machine Flux Linkage Balanced System Rotating Reference Frame Park’s Equations Steady-State Model Dynamic Model of Induction Generator Exercise Synchronous Generator Description of Synchronous Generator Salient Pole Synchronous Generator Rotating Reference Frame Parks Equations Steady-State Model Cylindrical Rotor Synchronous Generator Dynamic Model of Synchronous Generator Dynamics of Rotating Mass Dynamics of Electrical Modes Block Diagram of Synchronous Generator Exercise Type 1 Wind Turbine System Equivalent Circuit for the Squirrel-Cage Induction Generator Power Flow Electric Torque Maximum Power Maximum Torque Assessment of Type 1 System Control and Protection of Type 1 System Reactive Power of Type 1 System Inrush Current Turbine Stability Exercise Type 2 Wind Turbine System Equivalent Circuit of Type 2 Generator Real Power Electric Torque Assessment of Type 2 System Control and Protection of Type 2 System Inrush Current Turbine Stability Exercise Type 3 Wind Turbine System Equivalent Circuit Simplified Model Power Flow Apparent Power Flow through RSC Apparent Power Flow through GSC Speed Control Protection of Type 3 Systems Electrical Protection Electromechanical Protection Exercise Type 4 Wind Turbine Full Converter Power Flow Real Power Control Reactive Power Control Protection Chopper System Dynamic Resistance Exercise Grid Integration System Stability Stability of Synchronous Generator Stability of the Induction Generator Systemwide Stability Fault Ride-Through, Low-Voltage Ride-Through Impact of Fault on WTs LVRT Requirements LVRT Compliance Techniques Variability of the Wind Power Production Uncertainty of Wind Speed Variability of Wind Power Output Balancing Wind Energy Reactive Power Turbine Reactive Power Control Static VAR Compensator Synchronous Condenser Exercise Index

Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi received his undergraduate education from Helwan University, Egypt, and his Ph.D from the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. He is currently professor of electrical engineering in the energy area at the University of Washington, Seattle, USA, where he has also served as the associate chair and the chairman of graduate studies and research. He has published more than 200 research articles, authored four textbooks, and co-authored three research books. An IEEE fellow, Professor El-Sharkawi has been the vice president for technical activities of the IEEE Computational Intelligence Society and the founding chairman of numerous IEEE task forces, working groups, and subcommittees. He holds five licensed patents related to renewable energy, VAR management, and minimum arc sequential circuit breaker switching.