Acknowledgments, Prelude: 5 June 1944, 1 The classical age (to 500 CE), 2 The post-classical period (500 to 1450), 3 The emergence of gunpowder weapons, 1450 to 1776, 4 Nationalism and industrialism, 5 World War I, 6 World War II, 7 The Cold War and beyond, Conclusions, Index