Foreword Rod Ellis Part 1 Introduction 1 Individual Differences in Second Language Acquisition: Theory, Research, and Practice Shaofeng Li, Phil Hiver, and Mostafa Papi Part 2 Cognitive Differences 2 Explicit and Implicit Language Aptitudes Shaofeng Li 3 Working Memory Zhisheng (Edward) Wen and Daniel O. Jackson 4 Declarative and Procedural Memory as Predictors of Second Language Development Kara Morgan-Short, Phillip Hamrick, and Michael T. Ullman 5 Learning Styles and Strategies Carol Griffiths 6 Metacognition Masatoshi Sato Part 3 Conative Differences 7 Motivation Mostafa Papi and Phil Hiver 8 Mindsets Nigel Mantou Lou and Nourollah Zarrinabadi 9 Goal Complexes Jeannine E. Turner, Banban Li, Yanyu Pan, Juhee Kim, and Yanyan Chen 10 Willingness to Communicate Jian-E Peng Part 4 Affective Differences 11 Anxiety Peter D. MacIntyre and Lanxi Wang 12 Enjoyment Jean-Marc Dewaele 13 Self-Efficacy Mark Wyatt 14 Learner Beliefs Qunyan Maggie Zhong Part 5 Sociocultural and Demographic Differences 15 Identity Ron Darvin and Bonny Norton 16 Age David Singleton and Simone E. Pfenninger Part 6 Individual Difference Factors for Aspects of Second Language Learning 17 Individual Difference Factors for Second Language Pronunciation Charles L. Nagel 18 Individual Difference Factors for Second Language Vocabulary Su Kyung Kim and Stuart Webb 19 Individual Difference Factors for Second Language Grammar Yuichi Suzuki 20 Individual Difference Factors for Second Language Pragmatics Naoko Taguchi, Maria (Masha) Kostromitina, and Holly Wheeler 21 Individual Difference Factors for Second Language Listening Franz Holzknecht and Tineke Brunfaut 22 Individual Difference Factors for Second Language Speaking Laura Gurzynski-Weiss 23 Individual Difference Factors for Second Language Reading Eun Hee Jeon and Junko Yamashita 24 Individual Difference Factors for Second Language Writing Mostafa Papi, Olena Vasylets, and Mohammad Javad Ahmadian Part 7 Research Methods 25 Surveys Kata Csizér and Dávid Simon 26 Narrative Methods Xuesong (Andy) Gao 27 Ethnography Peter I. De Costa, Matt Kessler, and Kasun Gajasinghe 28 Eye-Tracking Kathy Conklin and Ana Pellicer-Sánchez 29 Psychometric Assessments Lars Bokander 30 Measures of Implicit Attitudes Ali H. Al-Hoorie 31 Methods for Complexity Theory in Individual Differences Research Phil Hiver 32 Structural Equation Modeling and Factor Analysis Yanyun Yang and Yachen Luo