Technological Animation in Classical Antiquity

The persistent desire to animate inanimate objects has been a recurring theme in European culture dating back to ancient Greek and Roman times. Technological Animation in Classical Antiquity aims to establish, for the first time, the significance of this aspiration and its practical realization within Greek and Roman societies. While certain aspects of this narrative have been explored previously, this study shifts the focus to place technological animation at the forefront. The sixteen chapters examine the tangible existence of such devices across various media and considers their roles in diverse contexts, delving into the reciprocal relationship between technological and material realities, and its influence on the concept of animation and vice versa. By adopting this perspective, technological animation not only provides a new understanding of the processes behind animation but also lends a fresh perspective to the animated artifact. In contrast to other types of animation, where the technologically animated artifact is often dismissed as a perceptual error induced, for instance, by rhetoric or magic, this study separates technological animation from notions of rhetorical or magical skills, theurgy, or divine intervention. Specifically, it concentrates on a subset of artificial animation solely produced through technical procedures, exploring how various motive forces actively contributed to giving objects agency and impacting their viewers, illuminating how the material conditions of the artifacts themselves played a role in the process of technological animation--whether through the distinctive materiality of bronze or the design of a statuette's hinge.

1 - The Axe's Heart Work: On Craft Similes, Techna, and Animation in the iliad
2 - The Ideology of Automata: From Mesopotamia to Aristotle
3 - An Ancient Grammar of Animation and Techne
4 - Automatic Puppets, Toy Carts, and Robots: Aristotle's Metaphysics of Artefacts and the Question of Automata
5 - Strange Loops: Experiment and Program in Hero of Alexandria's Automata
6 - From 'Dolls' to Puppets: Mechanisms and Purpose of Articulated Terracotta Figurines in Antiquity
7 - Manufacturing Motion in Aristotle's De Motu Animalium
8 - Technolarynges in Classical Antiquity
9 - Speaking Doors: Voice and Materiality in Ancient Literature
10 - Automata and other Technological Devices in Trimalchio's Dinner Party
11 - Dead or Alive? Giving Life to Bronze
12 - Affecting Artefacts: Interacting with Objects in Archaic and Early Classical Greece
13 - Visualising Time: The Lysippan Kairos in the Scientific Landscape of the Fourth Century BCE
14 - Trains and Boats and Planes: Animating the Ship in Greek Culture
15 - The Importance of the Construct: Technological Animation in Ancient Religious Contexts
16 - Devising Nature

Tatiana Bur is Lecturer in Classics at the Australian National University. Prior to this, she was the Moses and Mary Finley Research Fellow at Darwin College, University of Cambridge. Maria Gerolemou is a Visiting Assistant Professor in the Classics Department at Johns Hopkins University. She has been a Fellow at the Centre for Hellenic Studies, Harvard University and a Margo Tytus Fellow at the University of Cincinnati. She has held teaching positions at the University of Exeter, the University of Cyprus, and the University of Munich. Isabel Ruffell is Professor of Greek Drama and Culture at the University of Glasgow, where she has worked since 2001.