Swarm Intelligence and Evolutionary Algorithms in Healthcare and Drug Development

Healthcare sector is characterized by difficulty, dynamism and variety. In 21st century, healthcare domain is surrounded by tons of challenges in terms of Disease detection, prevention, high costs, skilled technicians and better infrastructure. In order to handle these challenges, Intelligent Healthcare management technologies are required to play an effective role in improvising patient’s life. Healthcare organizations also need to continuously discover useful and actionable knowledge to gain insight from tons of data for various purposes for saving lives, reducing medical operations errors, enhancing efficiency, reducing costs and making the whole world a healthy world. Applying Swarm Intelligence and Evolutionary Algorithms in Healthcare and Drug Development is essential nowadays. The objective of this book is to highlight various Swarm Intelligence and Evolutionary Algorithms techniques for various medical issues in terms of Cancer Diagnosis, Brain Tumor, Diabetic Retinopathy, Heart disease as well as drug design and development. The book will act as one-stop reference for readers to think and explore Swarm Intelligence and Evolutionary Algorithms seriously for real-time patient diagnosis, as the book provides solutions to various complex diseases found critical for medical practitioners to diagnose in real-world. Key Features: Highlights the importance and applications of Swarm Intelligence and Evolutionary Algorithms in Healthcare industry. Elaborates Swarm Intelligence and Evolutionary Algorithms for Cancer Detection. In-depth coverage of computational methodologies, approaches and techniques based on Swarm Intelligence and Evolutionary Algorithms for detecting Brain Tumour including deep learning to optimize brain tumor diagnosis. Provides a strong foundation for Diabetic Retinopathy detection using Swarm and Evolutionary algorithms. Focuses on applying Swarm Intelligence and Evolutionary Algorithms for Heart Disease detection and diagnosis. Comprehensively covers the role of Swarm Intelligence and Evolutionary Algorithms for Drug Design and Discovery. The book will play a significant role for Researchers, Medical Practitioners, Healthcare Professionals and Industrial Healthcare Research and Development wings to conduct advanced research in Healthcare using Swarm Intelligence and Evolutionary Algorithms techniques.

CONTENTS Preface, xi About the Editors, xv Contributors, xix Abbreviations, xxi CHAPTER 1 ¦ Swarm Intelligence and Evolutionary Algorithms in Disease Diagnosis—Introductory Aspects 1 BHUSHAN INJE, SANDEEP KUMAR, AND ANAND NAYYAR 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.2 TERMINOLOGIES 2 1.2.1 Swarm Intelligence 2 1.2.1.1 Merits of Swarm Intelligence 3 1.2.1.2 Classifications and Terminology 4 1.2.2 Evolutionary Computation 5 1.2.3 Evolutionary Computation Paradigms 6 1.3 IMPORTANCE OF SWARM INTELLIGENCE IN DISEASE DIAGNOSIS 7 1.4 IMPORTANCE OF EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHMS IN DISEASE DIAGNOSIS 10 1.5 CONCLUSION 14 CHAPTER 2 ¦ Swarm Intelligence and Evolutionary Algorithms for Cancer Diagnosis 19 BANDANA MAHAPATRA AND ANAND NAYYAR 2.1 INTRODUCTION 19 2.2 CLASSIFICATION OF CANCER 21 2.3 CHALLENGES IN CANCER DIAGNOSIS 26 2.3.1 Methods of Cancer Detection 26 2.3.2 Issues and Challenges Faced While Cancer Detection Process 27 2.4 APPLYING SWARM INTELLIGENCE ALGORITHM FOR CANCER DIAGNOSIS 28 2.4.1 SI Algorithms for Detection of Lung Cancer 29 2.4.2 Swarm Intelligence for Breast Cancer 30 2.4.3 Swarm Intelligence for Ovarian Cancer 30 2.4.4 SI Algorithm for Early Detection of Gastro Cancer 30 2.4.5 Swarm Intelligence for Treating Nano-Robots 31 2.5 APPLYING EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHM FOR CANCER DETECTION 34 2.6 CONCLUSION 40 CHAPTER 3 ¦ Brain Tumour Diagnosis 45 DHANANJAY JOSHI, NITIN CHOUBEY, AND RAJANI KUMARI 3.1 INTRODUCTION 45 3.2 APPLYING EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHMS FOR BRAIN TUMOR DIAGNOSIS 50 3.2.1 Evolutionary Algorithm 50 3.2.2 Conceptual Framework 1: Applying Evolutionary Algorithm for Brain Tumor Diagnosis. 52 3.3 APPLYING SWARM INTELLIGENCE ALGORITHMS FOR BRAIN TUMOR DIAGNOSIS 54 3.3.1 Swarm Intelligence (SI) - Based Algorithms 54 3.3.2 Self-Organization: 55 3.3.3 Division of Labor: 55 3.3.4 Particle Swarm Optimization 55 3.3.5 Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm 56 3.3.6 Conceptual Framework 2: Applying Swarm Intelligence Based Algorithm for Brain Tumor Diagnosis 57 3.4 APPLYING SWARM INTELLIGENCE AND EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHMS TOGETHER FOR DIAGNOSIS OF BRAIN TUMOR 58 3.5 APPLYING SWARM INTELLIGENCE, EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHM AND INCORPORATING TOPOLOGICAL DATA ANALYSIS (TDA) FOR BRAIN TUMOR DIAGNOSIS 59 3.5.1 Topological Data Analysis 59 3.6 CONCLUSION 59 CHAPTER 4 ¦ Swarm Intelligence and Evolutionary Algorithms for Diabetic Retinopathy Detection 65 SACHIN BHANDARI, RADHAKRISHNA RAMBOLA, AND RAJANI KUMARI 4.1 INTRODUCTION 65 4.1.1 Classification of Diabetic Retinopathy 66 4.1.2 Swarm Optimization and Evolutionary Algorithms 69 4.1.3 Objectives and Contributions 71 4.2 FEATURE OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY 72 4.2.1 Microaneurysms 72 4.2.2 Haemorrhages 73 4.2.3 Hard Exudates 73 4.2.4 Soft Exudates 73 4.2.5 Neo-Vascularization 74 4.2.6 Macular Edema 74 4.3 DETECTION OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY BY APPLYING SWARM INTELLIGENCE AND EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHMS 74 4.3.1 Genetic Algorithm 75 4.3.2 Particle Swarm Optimization 79 4.3.3 Ant Colony Optimization 81 4.3.4 Cuckoo Search 84 4.3.5 Bee Colony Optimization 85 4.4 CONCLUSION 87 CHAPTER 5 ¦ Swarm Intelligence and Evolutionary Algorithms for Heart Disease Diagnosis 93 RAJALAKSHMI KRISHNAMURTHI 5.1 INTRODUCTION 93 5.2 PREDICTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF HEART DISEASE USING MACHINE LEARNING/SWARM INTELLIGENCE 95 5.2.1 Decision Support System 95 5.2.2 Clinical Decision Support System 96 5.2.3 Heart Disease Datasets 97 5.3 PREDICTING HEART ATTACKS IN PATIENTS USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE METHODS (FUZZY LOGIC) 98 5.3.1 Fuzzy Logic Approach for Heart Disease Diagnosis 99 5.3.2 Fuzzy Rule Base 101 5.3.3 Fuzzy Inference Engine 102 5.3.4 Defuzzification 102 5.4 PREDICTING HEART DISEASE USING GENETIC ALGORITHMS 103 5.5 SWARM INTELLIGENCE BASED OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM FOR HEART DISEASE DIAGNOSIS 105 5.5.1 Ant Colony Optimization 105 5.5.2 Particle Swarm Optimization 106 5.6 HEART DISEASE PREDICTION USING DATA MINING TECHNIQUES 108 5.7 PERFORMANCE METRICS 110 5.8 CONCLUSION 113 CHAPTER 6 ¦ Swarm Intelligence and Evolutionary Algorithms for Drug Design and Development 117 BANDANA MAHAPATRA 6.1 INTRODUCTION 117 6.2 DRUG DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE 119 6.3 ROLE OF SWARM INTELLIGENCE IN DRUG DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT 123 6.4 ROLE OF EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHMS IN DRUG DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT 126 6.5 QSAR MODELLING USING SWARM INTELLIGENCE AND EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHMS 128 6.6 PREDICTION OF MOLECULE ACTIVITY SWARM INTELLIGENCE AND EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHMS 131 6.6.1 Particle Swarm Optimization 135 6.7 CONCLUSION 136 INDEX, 141

About the Editors Sandeep Kumar is currently an Assistant Professor of Computer Science & Engineering at Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India. Dr. Kumar holds a PhD degree in Computer Science & Engineering, M. Tech. degree from RTU, Kota, BE degree from Engineering College, Kota. Dr. Kumar was Assistant Professor of Computer Science & Engineering at ACEIT, Jaipur, 2008–2011, and Assistant Professor of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Jagannath University, Jaipur, 2011–2017. Dr. Kumar was the head of computer science at Jagannath University, 2013–2017. He is also working as guest editor for special issue of many journals including Int. J. of Intelligent Information and Database Systems (IJIIDS), Int. J. of Agricultural Resources, Governance and Ecology (IJARGE), Int. J. of Environment and Sustainable Development (IJESD), Inderscience, Recent Patents on Computer Science, Bentham Science, and member of editorial boards for many international journals, and member of technical program committees of many conferences. He has delivered many keynote and expert talks in national/international conferences/workshop. He is also reviewer in many international journals and conferences, and acts as chairperson in many conferences. Dr. Kumar has over 50 publications in well-known SCI/SCOPUS indexed international journals and conferences, and has attended several national and international conferences and workshops. He has authored/edited four books in the area of computer science. His research interests include Nature Inspired Algorithms, Swarm Intelligence, Soft Computing and Computational Intelligence. Anand Nayyar received a PhD degree in Computer Science from Desh Bhagat University in Mandi Gobindgarh. Currently, he is working as Lecturer, Researcher and Scientist at the Graduate School at Duy Tan University, Vietnam. He has 15+ years of academic teaching experience with more than 300 publications in reputed international conferences, journals and book chapters (indexed By: SCI, SCIE, Scopus, DBLP). Dr. Nayyar is a certified professional with more than 75 certifications from various IT companies like: CISCO, Microsoft, Oracle, Cyberoam, GAQM, Beingcert.com, ISQTB, EXIN, Google and many more. His areas of interest include: Wireless Sensor Networks, MANETS, Cloud Computing, Network Security, Swarm Intelligence, Machine Learning, Network Simulation, Ethical Hacking, Forensics, Internet of Things (IoT), Big Data, Linux and Open Source and Next Generation Wireless Communications. In addition, Dr. Nayyar is a Programme Committee Member/Technical Committee Member/Reviewer for more than 400 international conferences to date. He has published 30 books in Computer Science by various National and International Reputed Publishers like CRC Press, Elsevier, Springer, IGI-Global, BPB Publications, Scholar Press, GRIN etc. He has received 20 awards for teaching and research, including Young Scientist, Best Scientist, Exemplary Educationist, Young Researcher and Outstanding Reviewer Award. He is acting as Associate Editor of IGI-Global Journal - International Journal of Information Security and Privacy (IJISP), International Journal of Distributed Systems and Technologies (IJDST), International Journal of Cognitive Informatics and Natural Intelligence (IJCINI), and International Journal of Green Computing (IJGC). He is acting as Editor-in-Chief of IGI-Global Journal “International Journal of Smart Vehicles and Smart Transportation (IJSVST)”. Anand Paul is currently working in The School of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, South Korea, as Associate Professor. He got his Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering at National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C., in 2010. His research interests include Algorithm and Architecture Reconfigurable Embedded Computing. He is a delegate representing South Korea for M2M focus group and for MPEG. In 2004–2010 he has been awarded Outstanding International Student Scholarship, and in 2009, 2015 he won the best paper award in national computer Symposium, in Taipei, Taiwan, and international conference on Soft computing and network security, India. He has guest-edited various international journals and he is also part of editorial team for Journal of Platform Technology. He serves as a reviewer for various IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, IEEE Transactions on System, Man and Cybernetics, IEEE Sensors, ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems, IET Image Processing, IET Signal Processing and IET Circuits and Systems. He gave invited talk in International Symposium on Embedded Technology workshop in 2012, He is the track chair for Smart human computer interaction in ACM SAC 2015, 2014. He is also an MPEG Delegate representing South Korea.