1 Introduction.- 1.1 Purpose and Scope.- 1.2 The History of Mineral Water Exploitation in China.- 1.2.1 The Uses of Mineral Water in Ancient China.- 1.3 The Floridan Aquifer — A Type Locality for Springs — The Fountain of Youth.- 1.4 The Edwards Aquifer, Texas.- 1.5 Springs — Sources of Water, Industry, Art Form, Mythology.- 1.6 Political/Legal Aspects of Springs.- 1.7 Alcoholic Beverage Manufacturing.- 1.8 Bottled Water from Wells.- 1.9 Sources of Reference.- References.- 2 Historical Development.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Origin of Rivers and Springs.- 2.2.1 Evaporation and the Origin of Springs.- 2.2.2 Capillary Theory of Springs.- 2.3 Groundwater Utilization.- 2.4 Religion, Springs and the Bible.- 2.4.1 Figeh Spring — Damascus, Syria.- References.- 3 Geologic/Hydrogeologic Setting and Classification of Springs.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Hydrologic Cycle.- 3.2.1 Precipitation.- 3.2.2 Evapotranspiration.- 3.2.3 Runoff.- 3.2.4 Recharge.- 3.2.5 Storage.- 3.2.6 Spring Discharge.- 3.3 Classification and Geologic Setting.- 3.4 Past Civilizations.- 3.4.1 Spring Identification by Human Senses.- 3.5 Classification Prior to the 17th Century.- 3.5.1 Scientific Awakening.- 3.5.2 Instrumentation and Quantification.- 3.5.3 Scientific Specialization.- 3.5.4 Exploration.- 3.6 Documentation and Classification of Springs — Early 1900s.- 3.7 Current Classification.- 3.8 Present Documentation and Classification.- 3.8.1 Instrumentation and Quantification.- 3.9 Classification of Springs Documented by Computer Databases.- 3.10 Future Trends.- 3.11 Process.- 3.12 Karst Springs.- 3.13 Thermal Springs.- 3.14 Structurally Controlled Springs.- 3.15 Miscellaneous.- References.- 4 Extracting Methods for Spring Waters.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Collection Systems for Spring Waters.- 4.3 Locating Springs for Spring Water Development.- 4.4 Advantages of Proper Extraction of Spring Water.- 4.5 Extracting Methods for Spring Waters.- 4.6 Collecting Spring Water at Original Point of Spring Discharge.- 4.7 Diverting and Collecting Spring Water by Blocking Original Discharge Point.- 4.8 Extracting Spring Water by Subsurface Channels or Pipes.- 4.9 Extracting Spring Water by Shaft and/or Collection Gallery System.- 4.10 Extracting Spring Water by Boreholes.- 4.10.1 Hydrogeologic Methods.- 4.10.2 Geochemical Methods.- 4.11 Conclusions.- References.- 5 Quantitative Analysis of Springs.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Test Design Characteristics.- 5.3 Analysis of Pumping Test Data.- 5.4 Analysis of Aquifer Systems Hydraulically Connected to Springs.- 5.5 Groundwater Recharge.- 5.5.1 Precipitation.- 5.5.2 Evapotranspiration.- 5.5.3 Runoff.- 5.5.4 Water Budget.- 5.6 Geophysical Logging of Boreholes Associated with Spring Studies.- 5.7 Remote Sensing Techniques.- 5.8 Spring Hydrograph Analysis.- 5.9 Hydrograph Recessions.- 5.10 Water Tracing Techniques.- 5.11 Use of Naturally Occurring Tracers.- 5.11.1 Naturally Occurring Microorganisms.- 5.11.2 Ions in Solution.- 5.11.3 Environmental Isotopes.- 5.11.4 Radioactive Isotopes.- 5.11.5 Stable Isotopes.- 5.11.6 Use of Artificial Tracers.- 5.11.7 Radiometrically Detectable Tracers.- 5.11.8 Dyes as Water Tracers.- References.- 6 Uses of Spring Water.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Bottled Water.- 6.3 Labels and Art Forms.- 6.4 Water on the World Wide Web.- 6.5 Medicinal Values.- 6.6 Mineral Exploration Using Artesian Well Spring Water.- 6.7 Spas of Renown.- References.- 7 In Search of a Uniform Standard for Bottled Water.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Social, Economic, Cultural, and Environmental Impacts on Bottled Water Use.- 7.3 Regulatory Environment.- 7.3.1 United States of America.- 7.3.2 Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act: Regulatory Scheme of FDA over Foods Generally.- 7.3.3 Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act: Regulatory Scheme of FDA over Bottled Water Specifically.- 7.3.4 Current USA Food and Drug Administration Regulations.- 7.3.5 Regulatory Environment at the State Level and Self-Regulation in the United States of America.- 7.4 European Economic Community.- 7.5 The World Health Organization.- 7.6 WHO Microbiological and Biological Aspects of Bottled Water Quality.- 7.6.1 WHO Chemical Quality.- 7.6.2 WHO Radioactive Materials.- 7.6.3 Labeling.- 7.7 Conclusions.- References.- 8 Famous Springs and Bottled Waters.- 8.1 Introduction.- References.- 8.2 Silver Springs, Florida, USA.- 8.2.1 Introduction.- 8.2.2 Location.- 8.2.3 Background and Description.- 8.2.4 Discharge and chemistry.- 8.2.5 Hydrogeology.- References.- 8.3 Springs of Great Britain.- 8.4 The Waters of Hot Springs National Park, Arkansas, USA — Nature and Origin.- 8.4.1 Introduction.- 8.4.2 Hot Springs — Their Flow, Chemical Characteristics and Age.- References.- 8.5 Main Karstic Springs of Israel.- 8.5.1 Introduction.- 8.5.2 Western Watershed.- 8.5.3 Eastern Watershed.- 8.6 Kadesh Barnea.- References.- 8.7 Mallow Springs, County Cork, Ireland.- 8.7.1 Introduction.- 8.7.2 History of Mallow Springs.- 8.7.3 Geological setting of Mallow Springs.- 8.7.4 Flow and Temperature of the Springs.- 8.7.5 Chemistry of Mallow Springs.- 8.7.6 Use of Mallow Springs — Present and Future.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 8.8 Lisdoonvarna Springs and Spa Wells, County Clare, Ireland.- 8.8.1 Introduction.- 8.8.2 Geological Setting.- 8.8.3 Hydrology and Chemistry of the Springs.- 8.8.4 History of the Spa Waters.- References.- 8.9 Springs in Egypt.- 8.9.1 Introduction.- 8.9.2 Springs of Sinai.- 8.9.3 Springs in the Western Desert.- 8.9.4 Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System in the Western Desert, Egypt.- 8.9.5 Springs of Siwa Oasis.- References.- 8.10 Ombla Spring, Croatia.- 8.10.1 Introduction.- 8.10.2 Outlines of Geology.- 8.10.3 Hydrological Setting.- 8.10.4 Main Features of Ombla Karstic Aquifer.- 8.10.5 Characteristics of the Spring Zone.- 8.10.6 Possibilities for underground dam construction.- References.- 8.11 The Spa of Baden-Baden, Germany.- 8.11.1 Introduction.- 8.11.2 History.- 8.11.3 Geological Setting.- 8.11.4 Hydrogeology.- References.- 8.12 Source of the Shannon.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 8.13 The Fountains of Pretoria.- 8.13.1 Introduction.- 8.13.2 Background.- 8.13.3 The Pretoria Fountains.- 8.13.4 Hydrogeological Setting.- 8.13.5 Flow Characteristics.- 8.13.6 Hydrochemistry.- 8.13.7 Remarks.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 8.14 Springs of Japan.- 8.14.1 Introduction.- 8.14.2 Mount Fuji Area.- 8.14.3 Mount Aso Area.- 8.14.4 Akiyoshidai Area.- References.- 8.15 Thermal Mineral Water Springs in Karlovy Vary.- 8.15.1 Introduction.- 8.15.2 Mineral Waters in Western Bohemia.- 8.15.3 Historical Background.- 8.15.4 Geologic and Hydrologic Setting.- 8.15.5 Methods of Development and Use.- 8.15.6 Chemical Character and Temperature.- 8.15.7 Thermal Water Protection.- References.- 8.16 Mineral Waters in Italy.- 8.16.1 Introduction.- 8.16.2 Bottled Waters in Italy.- 8.17 Origin of the Danube-Aach System.- 8.17.1 Introduction.- 8.17.2 Geological Setting.- 8.17.3 Development of the Danubian Drainage Pattern.- 8.17.4 The Underground Danube-Aach System.- 8.17.5 Tracing Experiments.- 8.17.6 Hydrochemistry of Karst Water.- 8.17.7 Evolution of the Danube-Aach System.- References.- 8.18 Water Supply of Rome in Antiquity and Today.- 8.18.1 Introduction.- 8.18.2 Ancient Water Supply of Rome (700 b.c.–a.d. 500).- 8.18.3 Aqua Applia.- 8.18.4 Anio Vetus.- 8.18.5 Aqua Marcia.- 8.18.6 Aqua Tepula and Aqua Julia.- 8.18.7 Aqua Virgo.- 8.18.8 Aqua Alsietina.- 8.18.9 Aqua Claudia.- 8.18.10 Anio Novus.- 8.18.11 Aqua Traiana.- 8.18.12 Aqua Alexandriana.- 8.18.13 Water Potential and Use in Antiquity.- 8.18.14 Decline and Revival of Rome Aqueducts (a.d. 500–1800).- 8.18.15 Modern Water Supply of Rome.- 8.18.16 Marcio Aqueduct.- 8.18.17 New Vergine Aqueduct.- 8.18.18 Water Wells.- 8.19 Thermal Springs in B?ile Herculane (Romania).- 8.19.1 Introduction.- 8.19.2 B?ile Herculane — Historical References.- 8.19.3 Geological and Hydrological Characteristics of the Area.- 8.19.4 General Characteristics of the Thermo-Mineral Sources.- 8.19.5 Geoth
