Phycology-Based Approaches for Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery

Algal and phycology-based approaches for wastewater treatment have recently gained interest. Phycology-Based Approaches for Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery highlights advanced algal-based technologies developed or being considered for wastewater treatment along with the opportunities that existing technologies can provide at an industrial scale. It covers recent findings on algal-based approaches for the removal of heavy metals, organic pollutants, and other toxicities from sewage and industrial effluents and supplies in-depth analysis on technologies such as biosorption and bioaccumulations. Advanced mathematical modeling approaches to understand waste removal and resource recovery from wastewater are illustrated as well. The book: Provides exhaustive information on the use of algae for the simultaneous treatment and resource recovery of wastewater Discusses algae, microalgae, and cyanobacteria applications in detail Presents critical insight into limitations of the prevalent technologies Reviews methodology of advanced technologies Includes illustrations and interesting trivia boxes throughout the book This book is of interest to researchers, graduate students and professionals in phycology, microbiology, bioremediation, environmental sciences, biotechnology, wastewater treatment, resource recovery, and circular economy.

Chapter 1Biotechnological advances for utilization of algae, microalgae, and cyanobacteria for wastewater treatment and resource recoveryPrabuddha Gupta, Ashok Kumar Bishoyi, Mahendrapal singh Rajput, Ujwal Trivedi, Gaurav Sanghvi*1.1. Introduction1.2. Wastewater treatment by Microalgae1.3. Wastewater treatment by Cyanobacteria1.4. Open system 1.4.1. Stabilization ponds/oxidation ditches/lagoons 1.4.2. Raceway ponds (RWP) 1.4.3. Revolving algal biofilms (RAB) 1.4.4. Photo sequencing batch reactor (PSBR)1.5. Closed system 1.5.1. Photobioreactors (PBRs) 1.5.2. Immobilized Algae system 1.5.3. Algal membrane photobioreactor (A-MPBR)1.6. Biotechnological advancement towards wastewater treatment: better understanding with omics approach 1.6.1. Omics approach in wastewater treatment1.7 Conclusion References Chapter 2Wastewater utilization as growth medium for seaweed, microalgae and cyanobacteria, defined as potential source of human and animal servicesSilvia Lomartire, Diana Pacheco, Glácio Souza Araújo, João C. Marques, Leonel Pereira, Ana M. M. Gonçalves*2.1. Introduction 2.2. Correlation between biological tools and production of services for humans and animals 2.2.1. Use in the aquaculture2.3. Seaweed as potential source of food industry, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical products 2.3.1. Industrial applications of seaweed 2.3.2. Nutraceutical applications of seaweed 2.3.3. Pharmaceutical products from seaweed 2.3.4. Therapeutical applications of seaweed2.4. Microalgae as potential source of food industry, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical products 2.4.1. Microalgae application in food industry 2.4.2. Nutraceutical applications of microalgae 2.4.3. Pharmaceutical applications of microalgae 2.4.4. Companies that produce microalgae-based products2.5. Cyanobacteria as potential source of food industry, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical products 2.5.1. Cyanobacteria’s application in Food industry 2.5.2. Nutraceutical applications of cyanobacteria 2.5.3. Pharmaceutical applications of cyanobacteria2.6. Methods of cultivation of macroalgae, microalgae and cyanobacteria 2.6.1. Macroalgae cultivation 2.6.2. Microalgae and Cyanobacteria cultivation2.7. Rural and industrial wastewater application as potential growth substrate 2.7.1. Macroalgae 2.7.2. Microalgae and Cyanobacteria2.8. Conclusion References Chapter 3 Identification, Cultivation and Potential Utilization of Micro-algae in Domestic Wastewater TreatmentDebanjan Sanyal*, Sneha Athalye, Shyam Prasad, Dishant Desai, Vinay Dwivedi and Santanu Dasgupta3.1. Introduction 3.2. Algae naturally present in domestic wastewater3.3. Algae: An indicator species for pollution3.4. Role of algae in wastewater treatment3.5. Cultivation methodology for various algal species3.6. Utilization of harvested algae biomass3.7. Challenges and future prospects3.8. ConclusionAcknowledgementReferences Chapter 4 Phyco-remediation: A Promising Solution for Heavy Metal Contaminants in Industrial EffluentsChandra Shekharaiah P. S, Santosh Kodgire, Ayushi Bisht, Debanjan Sanyal*, Santanu Dasgupta4.1. Introduction4.2. Conventional methods of heavy metal removal 4.2.1. Ion exchange method 4.2.2. Adsorption method 4.2.3. Membrane filtration 4.2.4. Chemical precipitation 4.2.5. Coagulation and clotting method4.3. Phycoremediation 4.3.1. Phycoremediation by live algal cultures4.4. Cultivation systems for removal of heavy metals 4.4.1. Phycoremediation of heavy metals by immobilized algal cultures 4.4.2. Phycoremediation of heavy metals by batch mode cultivation of algae 4.4.3. Phycoremediation of heavy metals by continuous mode cultivation of algae4.5. Commercial adsorbents versus algal adsorbents4.6. Recycle and regeneration of algae4.7. Conclusion References Chapter 5Microalgae mediated elimination of endocrine-disrupting chemicalsChandra Prakash, Komal Agrawal, Pradeep Verma, Venkatesh Chaturvedi*5.1.Introduction5.2.Removal of various EDCs using microalgae 5.2.1Estrogens 5.2.2Phenol derivatives 5.2.2.1.Nonylphenol and Octylphenol 5.2.2.2 Bisphenol A 5.2.3NSAIDS 5.2.4Antibiotics 5.2.5Pesticides5.3ConclusionReferences Chapter 6The application of microalgae for bioremediation of pharmaceuticals from wastewater: recent trend and possibilitiesPrithu Baruah and Neha Chaurasia*6.1. Introduction6.2 Pharmaceuticals in the environment 6.2.1 Source and entry of pharmaceuticals into the environment 6.2.2 Environmental and health risks of pharmaceuticals6.3 Modern methods of pharmaceuticals remediation6.4 Removal of pharmaceuticals by microalgae 6.4.1 Ecological role of microalgae 6.4.2 Mechanism of pharmaceuticals removal by microalgae 6.4.3 Factors affecting pharmaceuticals removal by microalgae6.5 Other application of microalgae 6.5.1 Production of biofuel 6.5.2 Biomitigation of carbon dioxide6.6 Conclusion and prospects References Chapter 7Green Nanotechnology: A microalgal approach to remove heavy metals from wastewaterNavonil Mal, Reecha Mohapatra, Trisha Bagchi, Sweta Singh, Yagya Sharma, Meenakshi Singh*, Murthy Chavali and K. Chandrasekhar7.1Introduction7.2. Microalgal nanoparticles in wastewater treatment7.2.1. Classification of algae as adsorbents7.2.2. Molecular mechanism of action7.2.2.1 Ion-exchange7.2.2.2 Physical adsorption7.2.2.3 Complexation or Coordination7.2.2.4 Metallothioneins7.2.2.5 Vacuolar Sequestration of Heavy Metals7.2.2.6 Chloroplast and mitochondrial sequestration7.2.2.7 Polyphosphate bodies7.2.2.8Other responses7.2.3. Genetic manipulation for efficient metal binding7.2.4.Commercial feasibility7.3Microalgae-mediated nanotechnology techniques to remove heavy metals7.3.1. Biosorption7.3.2Biogenic silica-based filtration7.3.3Bioreactors7.3.4Hybrid system7.4Factors affecting heavy metal remediation7.4.1.Metal toxicity7.4.2Biomass concentration7.4.3pH7.4.4Temperature7.5Physiological benefit of microalgal nanoparticles over other nanomaterials ....7.5.1. Activated carbon-based nanomaterial7.5.2Zero-valent metal-based nanomaterial7.5.3Metal-oxide based nanomaterial7.5.4Nanocomposites7.5.5Hybrid Nanoparticles 7.6Strategies in algal nano factory for optimal elimination of hazardous metals7.7ConclusionReferences Chapter 8 Valued products from algae grown in wastewaterDurairaj Vijayan, Muthu Arumugam*8.1. Introduction8.2. Environmental impact and commercial value of algal-based wastewater management8.3. Bioenergy 8.3.1 Biooil 8.3.2 Biogas 8.3.3 Bioelectricity8.4. Nutrients 8.4.1 Fatty Acids 8.4.2 Protein 8.4.3 Carbohydrates, vitamins, and other minerals8.5. Valued chemicals 8.5.1 Pigments 8.5.1.1 Carotenoids 8.5.1.1.1 Astaxanthin 8.5.1.1.2 Lutein 8.5.1.2 Chlorophyll and phycobiliproteins 8.5.2 Bioalcohol 8.5.3 Biopolymers and bioplastics8.6. Organic biofertilizer8.7. Future prospective8.8. Conclusion References Chapter 9 Seaweeds used in wastewater treatment: Steps to Industrial commercializationSara Pardilhó, João Cotas, Ana M. M. Gonçalves, Joana Maia Dias, Leonel Pereira* 9.1 Introduction9.2 Seaweed as a Wastewater Treatment Tool13.2.1 Removal of excess of nitrogen and phosphorus: Treatment of eutrophic water13.2.2 Removal of harmful compounds and pollutants9.3. Seaweeds used in wastewater treatment: industrial potential9.4. How can the SWWT quality be checked?9.5. Conclusion References Chapter 10 Recent insights of algal based bioremediation and energy production for environmental sustainabilitySunil Kumar*, Nitika Bhardwaj, S. K. Mandotra , A. S. Ahluwalia10.1. Introduction10.2. What are pollutants10.2.1. Dyes and Heavy metals10.2.2. Water pollution10.3. Bioremediation10.3.1. Factors affecting bioremediation10.3.2. Algal status in bioremediation10.3.3. Why algae?10.3.4. Algal interaction with waste water10.4. Large scale production 10.4.1. Raceway ponds10.4.1.1. Open ponds 10.4.1.2. Covered Ponds 10.4.2. Enclosed Photobioreactor10.4.2.1. Tubular Photobioreactor10.4.2.2.Flat Plate photo-bioreactor 10.4.2.3. Bio film photobioreactor 10.5. Harvesting 10.5.1. Centrifugation 10.5.2. Filtration 10.5.3. Flocculation10.5.3.1. Chemical fl

Prof. Pradeep Verma Prof. Verma completed his PhD from Sardar Patel University Gujarat, India in 2002. In the same year he was selected as UNESCO fellow and joined Czech Academy of Sciences Prague, Czech Republic. He later moved to Charles University, Prague to work as Post Doctoral Fellow. In 2004 he joined as a visiting scientist at UFZ Centre for Environmental Research, Halle, Germany. He was awarded a DFG fellowship which provided him another opportunity to work as a Post-Doctoral Fellow at Gottingen University, Germany. He moved to India in 2007 where he joined Reliance Life Sciences, Mumbai and worked extensively on biobutanol production which attributed few patents to his name. Later he was awarded with JSPS Post-Doctoral Fellowship Programme and joined Laboratoy of Biomass Conversion, Research Institute of Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University, Japan. He is also a recipient of various prestigious awards such as Ron-Cockcroft award by Swedish society, UNESCO Fellow ASCR Prague. Prof. Verma began his independent academic career in 2009 as a Reader and Founder Head at the Department of Microbiology at Assam University. In 2011 he moved to Department of Biotechnology at Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, and served as an Associate professor till 2013. He is currently working as Professor (former Head and Dean, School of Life Sciences) at Department of Microbiology, CURAJ. He is a member of various National & International societies/academies. He has completed two collaborated projects worth 150 million INR in the area of microbial diversity and bioenergy. Prof. Verma is a Group leader of Bioprocess and Bioenergy laboratory at Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, CURAJ. His area of expertise involves Microbial Diversity, Bioremediation, Bioprocess Development, Lignocellulosic and Algal Biomass based Biorefinery. He also holds 12 International patents in the field of microwave assisted biomass pretreatment and bio-butanol production. He has more than 60 research articles in peer reviewed international journals and contributed in several book chapters (28 published; 15 in press) in different edited books. He has also edited 3 books in international publishers such as Springer and Elsevier. He is a Guest editor to several journals such as Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery (Springer), Frontier in nanotechnology (Frontiers), and International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (mdpi). He is also an editorial board member for the Journal Current Nanomedicine (Bentham Sciences). He is acting as reviewers for more than 40 journals in different publication houses such as Springer, Elsevier, RSC, ACS, Nature, Frontiers, mdpi etc. Dr. Maulin P. Shah Maulin P. Shah is an active researcher and scientific writer in his field for over 20 years. He received a B.Sc. degree (1999) in Microbiology from Gujarat University, Godhra (Gujarat), India. He also earned his Ph.D. degree (2005) in Environmental Microbiology from Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar (Gujarat) India. He is Chief Scientist & Head of the Industrial Waste Water Research Lab, Division of Applied and Environmental Microbiology Lab at Enviro Technology Ltd., Ankleshwar, Gujarat, India. His work focuses on the impact ofindustrial pollution on the microbial diversity of wastewater, and genetically engineering high-impact microbes for the degradation of hazardous materials. His research interests include Biological Wastewater Treatment, Environmental Microbiology, Biodegradation, Bioremediation, & Phytoremediation of Environmental Pollutants from Industrial Wastewaters. He has published more than 250 research papers in national and international journals of repute on various aspects of microbial biodegradation and bioremediation of environmental pollutants. He is the editor of more than 50 books of international repute (Elsevier, Springer, RSC and CRC Press). He is an active editorial board member in top-rated journals. He is on the Advisory Board of CLEAN—Soil, Air, Water (Wiley); editor of Current Pollution Reports (Springer Nature), Environmental Technology & Innovation (Elsevier), Current Microbiology (Springer Nature), Journal of Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment (Taylor & Francis), Ecotoxicology (Microbial Ecotoxicology) (Springer Nature), and Current Microbiology (Springer Nature); and associate editor of GeoMicrobiology (Taylor & Francis) and Applied Water Science (Springer Nature).