Obesity Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Prevention, Second Edition

The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared obesity a global epidemic. Its prevalence has more than doubled since 1980, causing a myriad of health problems for children and adults. Obesity: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Prevention, Second Edition explores the molecular mechanisms and pathophysiology leading to obesity and metabolic disorders. It examines the safety of obesity drugs and drug development strategies as well as the role of physical activity, nutrition, and nutraceutical supplements in obesity treatment and prevention. With contributions from a cadre of internationally known experts, the book covers a spectrum of essential topics related to this widespread phenomenon, including: The relationship between obesity and type 2 diabetes The addiction mechanism related to refined foods as a significant factor in obesity The correlation between obesity and environmental estrogens, endocrine disruption, cigarette smoking, and inflammatory response The role of drug and chemical toxicities and genomic imprinting disorders in obesity The safety and regulation of prescription and over-the-counter weight loss drugs Various diets, the glycemic index, and the role of exercise in treating or preventing obesity Controversy over effective vs. banned weight loss supplements Childhood obesity and its prevention Bariatric surgery for weight management and reversal of metabolic disorders As the public has become more aware of the deadly adverse effects of obesity, numerous products and programs have targeted the overweight and obese population, many with dangerous side effects. It is essential that we develop strategic, therapeutic intervention supported by credible data. This volume is an ideal reference point for researchers looking for new avenues of inquiry and practicing medical professionals, clinical nutritionists, and dietitians seeking guidance for their patients.

IntroductionEpidemiology of Obesity; G. Turconi and H. CenaEpidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity; K. Corley, M. S. Cabrera, J. C. Desmangles, C. Fernandez, and A. ChatterjeePathophysiology of ObesityGlobal View on the Development of Noncommunicable Diseases; K.-H. Wagner and H. BrathEvidence for Refined Food Addiction; J. R. Ifland, H. G. Preuss, M. T. Marcus, K. M. Rourke, W. C. Taylor, and M. LernerDisruption of Development by Environmental Estrogens; F. S. Vom Saal, B. L. Coe, B. M. Angle, and J. A. TaylorCigarette Smoking, Inflammation, and Obesity; S. K. Biswas, I. L. Megson, C. A. Shaw, and I. RahmanRole of Neurotransmitters in Obesity Regulation; S. E. Ohia, C. A. Opere, M. Kulkarni, and Y. F. Njie-MbyeNeurobiology of Obesity; N. EikelisLeptin as a Vasoactive Adipokine; A. Bouloumié, C. A. Curat, A. Miranville, K. Lolmède, and C. SengenèsLeptin-Induced Inflammation; N.-Y. Song and Y.-J. SurhOverview of Ghrelin, Appetite, and Energy Balance; R. Fernández-Fernández and M. Tena-SempereMolecular Genetics of Obesity Syndrome; R. S. Dwivedi, M. R. Wing, and D. S. RajSleep and Obesity; M. A. Miller, and F. P. CappuccioObesity and Degenerative DiseasesOxidative Stress Status in Humans with Metabolic Syndrome; C.-Y. Chen and J. B. BlumbergObesity and Type 2 Diabetes; S. Yaturu and S. K. JainInflammation: A Hallmark of Obesity in Conflict with Wound Healing; S. Roy and C. K. SenAngiogenesis-Targeted Redox-Based Therapeutics; S. Chatterjee, D. Bagchi, M. Bagchi, and C. K. SenObese and Overweight: A New Sensitive Population for Drug and Chemical Toxicities?; G. B. CorcoranGenomic Imprinting Disorders in Obesity; M. G. ButlerNovel Concept in Obesity Drug DevelopmentAdipose Drug Targets for Obesity Treatment; O. Boss, L. Lehr, and J.-P. GiacobinoHistory and Regulation of Prescription and Over-the-Counter Weight Loss Drugs; S. M. Schwartz and D. M. SavastanoSafety of Obesity DrugsSafety of Obesity Drugs; A. K. Gupta and F. L. GreenwayHistorical Perspective, Efficacy of Current Drugs, and Future Directions in the Management of Obesity; B. Khandalavala and A. ChatterjeeNatural, Nutritional, and Physical Approaches of Weight ManagementEssential Role of Exercise and Physical Activity in Weight Management; D. Blatt and C. L. GosticRole of Exercise in Diet and Weight Loss; W. J. Kraemer, C. Dunn-Lewis, and H.-Y. LukRole of Exercise in Weight Management and Other Health Benefits: Emphasis on Pedometer-Based Program; H. G. Preuss, D. Bagchi, and G. R. KaatsOverview of Nutritional and Dietary Approaches for Weight Control; S. AgarwalGender Effects on Adiposity; S. Cvitkusic, D. J. Baer, and G. K. HarrisBeyond Obesity Prevention: Anti-Aging effect of Caloric Restriction; K. W. Saupe and J. D. MulliganCarbohydrate Digestion Inhibitors; J. K. Udani and M. L. BarrettVegetarian Diets in the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity; K. T. Knecht, H. T. Cale, H. T. Bui, D. K. Tran, and J. SabatéAtkins Paradigm; A. Robarge and B. W. DownsNature vs. Nurture: Role of Plant-Based Diet in Obesity Management; D. GhoshGlycemic Index; D. J. A. Jenkins, K. Srichaikul, A. Mirrahimi, L. S. A. Augustin, J. L. Sivenpiper, L. Chiavaroli, and C. W. C. KendallChromium (III) in Promoting Weight Loss and Lean Body Mass; D. Bagchi, M. Bagchi, S. Zafra-Stone, and H. G. PreussAn Overview on (-)-Hydroxycitric Acid in Weight Management; D. Bagchi, S. Zafra-Stone, M. Bagchi, and H. G. PreussReview of the Safety and Efficacy of Bitter Orange (Citrus aurantium) and Its Primary Protoalkaloid, p-Synephrine, in Weight Management; S. J. Stohs and M. SharaAntiobesity Effects of Conjugated Linoleic Acid; R. Zwe-Ling KongRole of Tea in Weight Management; C. KandaswamiLaboratory and Clinical Studies of Chitosan; H. G. Preuss, D. Bagchi, and G. R. KaatsRole of Curcumin, the Golden Spice, in Obesity and Associated Chronic Diseases; S. Prasad, S. Patchva, and B. B. AggarwalRole of Caralluma fimbriata in Weight Management; R. V. Venkatesh and R. RajendranGlucomannan in Weight Loss; B. Swanson and J. K. KeithleyRole of Medium-Chain Triglycerides in Weight Management; M. G. Enig and B. B. TeterAntiobesity by Marine Lipids; K. Miyashita and M. HosokawaDairy Foods, Calcium, and Weight Management; A. Bruckbauer and M. B. ZemelLessons from the Use of Ephedra Products as a Dietary Supplement; M. G. Soni, K. Shelke, R. Amin, and A. TalatiColeus forskohlii Extract in the Management of Obesity; M. MajeedCurcumin: Potential Role in Obesity and Obesity-Related Metabolic Diseases; A. Shehzad and Y. Sup LeeReview of the Safety and Efficacy of Banaba (Lagerstroemia speciosa L.) and Its Major Constituents, Corosolic Acid and Ellagitannins, in the Management of Metabolic Syndrome; S. J. Stohs, H.Miller, and G. R. KaatsAppetite, Body Weight, Health Implications of a Low-Glycemic-Load Diet; S. J. BellHerbals and Dietary Nutrients Associated with Weight Loss; A. Afshan Ali, S. M. Lewis, X. Yang, W. Salminen, and J. E. LeakeyCalcium and Obesity: The Nutrient Problem in Microcosm; R. P. HeaneyDietary Supplementation in Weight Loss: A Dietician’s Perspective; B. Wedman-St. LouisBeyond Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load; C. Bush and D. ReedChallenges to the Conduct and Interpretation of Weight Loss Research; G. R. Kaats and H. G. PreussChild Obesity and PreventionObesity and Disordered Eating in Youth; S. S. JaserChildhood Obesity: From An Exercise Physiologists’ Viewpoint; S.-H. Suh and Y.-S. KimImpact of Childhood Obesity on Musculoskeletal Growth, Development, and Disease; L. M. Esposito, P. W. Esposito, and A. ChatterjeeNew Directions in Childhood Obesity; F. Zapata, R. E. Quiros-Tejeira, C. Fernandez,K. Lester, A. Chatterjee, and S. G. HassinkThinking Outside the Box; S. Gonzalez and B.RamseyBariatric Surgery in Weight ManagementBariatric Surgery and Reversal of Metabolic Disorders; M. MancoBariatric Surgery in Pediatric Weight Management; A. Dusad, C. Fernandez, G. Rathore, S. K. Mittal, and A. ChatterjeeIndex

Debasis Bagchi is a professor in the Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences at the University of Houston College of Pharmacy in Texas and the Director of Innovation & Clinical Affairs at Iovate Health Sciences Research Inc., in Oakville, Canada. His research interests include free radicals, human diseases, carcinogenesis, pathophysiology, mechanistic aspects of cytoprotection by antioxidants, and regulatory pathways in obesity, diabetes, and gene expression. He has received funding from various institutions and agencies, including the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Nebraska State Department of Health, Biomedical Research Support Grant from National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Cancer Institute (NCI), Health Future Foundation, The Procter & Gamble Company, and Abbott Laboratories. Dr. Bagchi received the Master of the American College of Nutrition Award in 2009. He has authored 287 peer- reviewed publications and 15 books. Harry G. Preuss is a tenured professor at Georgetown University (Washington, D.C.) in four departments—biochemistry, physiology, medicine, and pathology. His current research, both laboratory and clinical, centers on the use of dietary supplements and nutraceuticals to favorably influence or even prevent a variety of medical perturbations, especially those related to obesity, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disorders. He has also researched the ability of essential oils and fats to overcome various infections, including those resistant to antibiotics. He recently won the coveted Charles E. Ragus Award of the American College of Nutrition (ACN) for publishing the best research paper in their journal for the year 2006 and the ACN Award for 2010 given to an outstanding senior investigator in nutrition.