New Directions in Japan’s Security Non-U.S. Centric Evolution

While the US-Japan alliance has strengthened since the end of the Cold War, Japan has, almost unnoticed, been building security ties with other partners, in the process reducing the centrality of the US in Japan’s security. This book explains why this is happening. Japan pursued security isolationism during the Cold War, but the US was the exception. Japan hosted US bases and held joint military exercises even while shunning contacts with other militaries. Japan also made an exception to its weapons export ban to allow exports to the US. Yet, since the end of the Cold War, Japan’s security has undergone a quiet transformation, moving away from a singular focus on the US as its sole security partner. Tokyo has begun diversifying its security ties. This book traces and explains this diversification. The country has initiated security dialogues with Asian neighbors, assumed a leadership role in promoting regional multilateral security cooperation, and begun building bilateral security ties with a range of partners, from Australia and India to the European Union. Japan has even lifted its ban on weapons exports and co-development with non-US partners. This edited volume explores this trend of decreasing US centrality alongside the continued, and perhaps even growing, security (inter) dependence with the US. New Directions in Japan’s Security is an essential resource for scholars focused on Japan’s national security. It will also interest on a wider basis those wishing to understand why Japan is developing non-American directions in its security strategy.

List of figures List of tables List of contributors Acronyms A note on Japanese transliteration and names Preface 1 Introduction PAUL MIDFORD AND WILHELM VOSSE 2 Explaining: decentering and recentering in security strategy PAUL MIDFORD PART I Non-American directions in defense policy 3 Centered on the fight within: the inward-looking nature of the Japanese debate on constitutional reinterpretation with a diluted US focus BRYCE WAKEFIELD 4 Lifting the ban on defense industrial production cooperation with non-US partners CHRISTOPHER W. HUGHES PART II Diversifying security partners 5 Japan’s ‘special’ strategic partnership with Australia: ‘decentering’ underwrites ‘recentering’ THOMAS S. WILKINS 6 Japan’s policy toward India since 2000: for the Sake of maintaining US leadership in East Asia NATSUYO ISHIBASHI 7 Japan’s security partnerships with the Philippines and Vietnam BJØRN ELIAS MIKALSEN GRØNNING PART III Japan’s focus on multilateral security cooperation 8 From a decentering and recentering imperative: Japan’s approach to Asian security multilateralism TAKESHI YUZAWA 9 Is Japan’s engagement in counter-piracy missions a step towards decentering of its security policy? WILHELM VOSSE 10 Japan’s cooperation with the EU in the nexus of development and security MARIE SÖDERBERG 11 Evolution of Japan’s non-US centric security strategy and European influences on Japan’s peace-building policy YUKIKO TAKEZAWA PART IV Reflections on Japan’s non-American focused initiatives 12 The continued centrality of the United States to Japan’s security doctrine in an era of expanding security partnerships ANDREW L. OROS 13 Non-US direction in Japan’s security strategy: a Chinese view SUISHENG ZHAO 14 Conclusion WILHELM VOSSE AND PAUL MIDFORD Index

Paul Midford is Professor and Director of the Japan Program at the Norwegian University for Science and Technology (NTNU) in Trondheim. Wilhelm Vosse is Professor of Political Science and International Relations at the International Christian University (ICU) in Tokyo, Japan.