Preface: Yury Gogotsi Chapter 1: Graphene: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications Zongbin Zhao and Jieshan Qiu? Chapter 2: Grain Boundaries in Graphene I. A. Ovid’ko Chapter 3: Epitaxial Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes on Silicon Carbide Goknur C. Büke Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Carbides and Carbonitrides Michael Naguib Chapter 5: Cooperative Interaction, Crystallization, and Properties of Polymer–Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites Eric D. Laird and Christopher Y. Li Chapter 6: Mechanics of Carbon Nanotubes and Nanomaterials Vasyl Harik Chapter 7: Biomedical Applications of Nanostructures: Carbon Nanotube Biosensors Meining Zhang, Lanqun Mao, Pingang He, and Liming Dai Chapter 8: Carbon Nanostructures in Biomedical Applications Masoud Golshadi and Michael G. Schrlau? Chapter 9: Field Emission from Carbon Nanotubes Peng-Xiang Hou, Chang Liu, and Hui-Ming Cheng Chapter 10: Carbon Nanotubes for Photoinduced Energy Conversion Applications Ge Peng, Sushant Sahu, Mohammed J. Meziani, Li Cao, Yamin Liu, and Ya-Ping Sun? Chapter 11: Fullerene C60 Architectures in Materials Science Francesco Scarel and Aurelio Mateo-Alonso? Chapter 12: Nanocrystalline Diamond Alexander Vul’, Marina Baidakova, and Artur Dideikin? Chapter 13: Combining Nanotechnology with Personalized and Precision Medicine: Nanodiamonds as Therapeutic and Imaging Agents Dong-Keun Lee, Desiree Hsiou, Theodore Kee, Sue Vin Kim, Adelheid Nerisa, Limansubroto, Darron Miya, and Dean Ho Chapter 14: Carbon Onions Yuriy Butenko, Lidija Šiller, and Michael R. C. Hunt Chapter 15: Carbide-Derived Carbons Yair Korenblit and Gleb Yushin? Chapter 16: Templated and Ordered Mesoporous Carbons Pasquale F. Fulvio, Joanna Gorka, Richard T. Mayes, and Sheng Dai? Chapter 17: Oxidation and purification of carbon nanostructures Sebastian Osswald and Bastian J.M. Etzold Chapter 18: Hydrothermal Process for Nano-Carbons and Carbonaceous Materials Masahiro Yoshimura and Jaganathan Senthilnathan Chapter 19: Carbon Nanomaterials for Water Desalination by Capacitive Deionization P. Maarten Biesheuvel, Slawomir Porada, Albert van der Wal, and Volker Presser? Chapter 20: Sintering of Nano-Ceramics Xiao-Hui Wang and I-Wei Chen Chapter 21: Nanofiber Technology: Bridging the Gap between Nano and Macro World Frank K. Ko and Yuqin Wan Chapter 22: The Safety of Nanomaterials on Molecular and Cellular Scale Annette Kraegeloh and Klaus Unfried