Motivation and Cognitive Control

Individuals do not always perform to their full capability on cognitive tasks. When this occurs, the usual explanation is that the individual was not properly motivated. But this begs the important question: How and why does motivation interact with and influence cognitive processing and the control processes that regulate it? What are the underlying mechanisms that govern such interactions? Motivation has been an important component of psychology and neuroscience throughout the history of the field, but has recently been rejuvenated by rapidly accelerating research interest in the nature of motivation-cognition interactions, particularly as they impact control processes and goal-directed behavior. This volume provides an up-to-date snapshot of the state of research in this exciting, expanding area. The contributors to the volume are internationally-renowned researchers that lead the field in conducting groundbreaking studies. Moreover, they represent a variety of research perspectives and traditions: cognitive psychology and neuroscience, animal learning, social, affective, and personality psychology, and development, lifespan, and aging studies. This book summarizes our current state of understanding of the relationship between motivation and cognitive control, and serves as an essential reference for both students and researchers.

Introduction Chapter 1. Todd Braver Motivation and cognitive control Rewards, Cognitive Processingand Goal-Directed Control Chapter 2. Marcus Rothkirchand Philippe Sterzer The role of motivation in visual information processing Chapter 3. Brian Andersonand Anthony Sali The impact of reward on attention: Beyond Motivation Chapter 4. Ruth Krebs, Jens-Max Hopfand Carsten Boehler Within-trial effects of stimulus-reward associations Chapter 5. Mauricio Delgado, Susan Ravizza and Anthony Porcelli Motivational influences on cognitive control: The role of reward processing Chapter 6. Wim Notebaertand Senne Braem Parsing the effects of reward on cognitive control Chapter 7. Sanne de Witand Anthony Dickinson Ideomotor mechanisms of goal-directed behavior Affect, Conflictand Self-Regulation Chapter 8. Hans Marien, Henk Aarts and Ruud Custers How goals control behavior: The role of action-outcome and reward information Chapter 9. Philip Gable, Lauren Browningand Eddie Harmon-Jones Affect, motivation, and cognitive scope Chapter 10. Gesine Dreisbachand Rico Fischer Conflicts as aversive signals: Motivation for control adaptation in the service of affect regulation Chapter 11. Blair Saundersand Michael Inzlicht Vigor and fatigue: How variation in affect underlies effective self-control Chapter 12. Clay Holroyd The waste disposal problem of effortful control Age-related changes in cognitive motivation Chapter 13. BJ Caseyand Adriana Galvan The teen brain: "Arrested development" in resisting temptation Chapter 14. Shu-Chen Liand Ben Eppinger Lifespan development of adaptive neurocognitive representations: Reciprocal interactions between cognition and motivation Chapter 15. Todd Maddox, Marissa Gorlickand Darrell Worthy Towards a three-factor motivation-learning framework in normal aging Chapter 16. Thomas Hessand Brian Smith Linkages between age-related changes in the costs of cognitive engagement, motivation, and behavior Chapter 17. Ishabel Vicariaand Derek Isaacowitz Age-related changes in motivation: Do they influence emotional experience across adulthood and old age?

Todd S. Braver, PhD, is a professor of psychology, neuroscience, and radiology at Washington University, St. Louis, where he has been since 1998. His educational training includes a BS in cognitive science from the University of California, San Diego, in 1992, and a PhD in cognitive neuroscience from Carnegie Mellon University in 1997. Dr. Braver codirects (with colleague Dr. Deanna Barch) the Cognitive Control and Psychopathology Laboratory at Washington University. His research uses convergent cognitive neuroscience methods to investigate the neural mechanisms of cognitive control processes. A particular focus is the function of the prefrontal cortex and its interaction with related brain systems in higher cognition, emotion, motivation, personality, and aging. Dr. Braver has authored over 100 peer-reviewed articles in some of the premier outlets of his field, including Science, Nature, PNAS, Neuron, and Nature Neuroscience. His research has been continuously funded by the NIH (NIMH, NIA, NIDA), NSF, ONR and private foundations through current and prior grants totaling over $12 million. Dr. Braver has received honors and awards for his research, including being named a McGuigan Young Investigator, an APS Fellow, and NIMH MERIT awardee.