Microplasma Sprayed Hydroxyapatite Coatings

There has been enormous growth in the use of medical implants. However, in the case of hip replacement, loosening of metallic prosthesis fixed with polymethylmethylacrylate bone cement has resulted in painstaking revision surgery, which is a major problem for the patient, surgeon, and biomedical technology itself. In fact, global recognition of this problem led to the development of cementless fixation through the novel introduction of a bioactive hydroxyapatite (HAp) coating on biomedical-grade metallic implants. Since then, a wide variety of coating methods have evolved to make the HAp coatings on metallic implants more reliable. Microplasma Sprayed Hydroxyapatite Coatings discusses plasma spraying and other related HAp coating techniques, focusing on the pros and cons of macroplasma sprayed (MAPS)- and microplasma sprayed (MIPS)-HAp coatings. The book begins by explaining what a biomaterial really is, what the frequently used term biocompatibility stands for, and why it is so important for biomaterials to be biocompatible. It then: Examines the structural, chemical, macromechanical, micro/nanomechanical, and tribological properties and residual stress of HAp coatings Evaluates the efficacies under simulated body fluid immersion for MAPS- and MIPS-HAp coatings developed on biomedical implant-grade SS316L substrates Offers a comprehensive survey of state-of-the-art in vivo studies of MIPS-HAp coatings, presenting the results of pioneering research related to bone defect fixation Shedding light on the future scope and possibilities of MIPS-HAp coatings, Microplasma Sprayed Hydroxyapatite Coatings provides a valuable reference for students, researchers, and practitioners of biomedical engineering and materials science.

IntroductionIntroduction of BiomaterialsTypes of BiomaterialsCategories of BioceramicsWhat Is Hydroxyapatite?What Is Hydroxyapatite Coating?Introduction of Bone: A Natural BiomaterialIntroduction of Teeth: A Natural BiomaterialSurface Engineering of Bioinert MaterialsChallenges to Develop Surface-Engineered ImplantsSummaryReferencesPlasma Spraying and Other Related Coating TechniquesPlasma Spray ProcessHow Will Coating Form?Plasma Sprayed HAp CoatingsMicroplasma SprayingMicroplasma Spraying and Its ApplicationMicroplasma Spraying: A Unique Manufacturing TechniqueOther Coating ProcessesMicroplasma vs. Macroplasma SprayingSummaryReferencesHydroxyapatite Coating and Its ApplicationBackground of the Problem and Basic IssuesApplications of HAp CoatingHAp Coating Developed by Different MethodsMicroplasma and Macroplasma Sprayed HAp Coatings: Pros and ConsInfluence of Plasma Spraying Parameters on HAp CoatingNanostructured HAp CoatingHAp Composite CoatingPlasma-Sprayed HAp Coating: Current Research ScenarioSummaryReferencesStructural and Chemical Properties of Hydroxyapatite CoatingIntroductionStoichiometry of HApPhase Analysis of MIPS-HAp CoatingsSpectroscopic Investigation of MIPS-HAp CoatingsMicrostructure of MIPS-HAp CoatingPorosity Dependencies of Young’s Modulus and HardnessQualitative Model for Explanation of AnisotropyOrigin of Modeling on Pore ShapeSummaryReferencesIn Vitro Studies of Hydroxyapatite CoatingsIntroductionLiterature StatusSynthesis of SBF in the LaboratorySBF Immersion of MAPS-HAp Coatings on SS316LSBF Immersion of MIPS-HAp Coatings on SS316LSummaryReferencesMacromechanical Properties of Hydroxyapatite CoatingIntroductionWhat Governs HAp Coating’s Performance?Interface IssuesBonding Strength and Methods of MeasurementsWhat Are General Guidelines to Improve Bonding Strength?Other Important ParametersInfluence of AdhesiveInfluence of MicrostructureInfluence of Vacuum Heat TreatmentRole of Interfacial StressRole of Substrate Holding ArrangementsFailure Mode and Related IssuesInfluence of HumidityInfluence of the Dissolution BehaviorBonding Strength Measurements by Technologies Other Than ASTMHAp Coatings Developed by Other Coating ProcessesBonding Strength of MIPS-HAp CoatingsMAPS-HAp vs. MIPS-HAp CoatingsEffect of Residual StressShear Strength and Pushout StrengthThree-Point Bending TestFatigue BehaviorSummaryReferencesMicro/Nanomechanical Properties of Hydroxyapatite CoatingIntroductionBasic Theory of NanoindentationHardnessYoung’s ModulusEffect of SBF ImmersionReliability Issues in Nanoindentation DataFracture Toughness of MIPS-HAp CoatingsSummaryReferencesTribological Properties of Hydroxyapatite CoatingsIntroductionWhat Does the Literature Say?Nanoscratch Testing of MIPS-HAp Coatings at Lower LoadNanoscratch Testing of MIPS-HAp Coating at Higher LoadMicroscratch Testing of MIPS-HAp CoatingsMicroscratch Testing of MIPS-HAp Coatings before and after the SBF ImmersionSummaryReferencesResidual Stress of Hydroxyapatite CoatingIntroductionOrigin of Residual StressIdentification of Residual Stress and ImportanceFactors Affecting Residual StressCommon Methodologies to Evaluate Residual StressRelative Advantages and DisadvantagesRole of Higher Plasmatron Power and Secondary GasRole of the Substrate TemperatureNature of the Residual Stress StateRole of Other Basic Process ParametersResidual Stress of Thermal Sprayed and Sol-Gel-Derived HAp CoatingsResidual Stress of MIPS-HAp CoatingsSummaryReferencesIn Vivo Studies of Microplasma Sprayed Hydroxyapatite CoatingIntroductionRabbit ModelGoat ModelDog ModelSummaryAcknowledgmentsReferencesFuture Scope and PossibilitiesMIPS-HAp Coating on Complex and Contoured ImplantsMIPS Coating of Other Calcium Phosphates (TCP, BCP, etc.)MIPS-HAp Coatings on C/C CompositesSecond Phase Incorporation in HAp CoatingsNanostructured Plasma Sprayed HAp CoatingReferencesConclusions

Arjun Dey is a scientist in the Thermal Systems Group at the Indian Space Research Organisation Satellite Centre, Bangalore. Dr. Dey was previously at the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata, India. He holds a bachelor's degree from Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Orissa, India, and master's and doctoral degrees from the Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah (formerly Bengal Engineering and Science University). Highly decorated and widely published, Dr. Dey serves as a reviewer for many national and international journals. He recently coauthored the CRC Press book Nanoindentation of Brittle Solids with Dr. Mukhopadhyay. Anoop Kumar Mukhopadhyay is a chief scientist and head of the Advanced Mechanical and Materials Characterization Division of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute (CGCRI), Kolkata, India. Prior to joining CSIR-CGCRI, Dr. Mukhopadhyay initiated in India the research work on the evaluation, analysis, and microstructure mechanical properties correlation of non-oxide ceramics for high-temperature applications. He holds a bachelor's degree from Kalyani University, India, and master's and Ph.D degrees from Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India. Highly decorated and widely published, Dr. Mukhopadhyay holds seven patents, serves on the editorial board of Soft Nanoscience Letters, and recently coauthored the CRC Press book Nanoindentation of Brittle Solids with Dr. Dey.