Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook Electromagnetic, Optical, Radiation, Chemical, and Biomedical Measurement

The Second Edition of the bestselling Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook brings together all aspects of the design and implementation of measurement, instrumentation, and sensors. Reflecting the current state of the art, it describes the use of instruments and techniques for performing practical measurements in engineering, physics, chemistry, and the life sciences and discusses processing systems, automatic data acquisition, reduction and analysis, operation characteristics, accuracy, errors, calibrations, and the incorporation of standards for control purposes. Organized according to measurement problem, the Electromagnetic, Optical, Radiation, Chemical, and Biomedical Measurement volume of the Second Edition: Contains contributions from field experts, new chapters, and updates to all 98 existing chapters Covers sensors and sensor technology, time and frequency, signal processing, displays and recorders, and optical, medical, biomedical, health, environmental, electrical, electromagnetic, and chemical variables A concise and useful reference for engineers, scientists, academic faculty, students, designers, managers, and industry professionals involved in instrumentation and measurement research and development, Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook, Second Edition: Electromagnetic, Optical, Radiation, Chemical, and Biomedical Measurement provides readers with a greater understanding of advanced applications.

Preface Acknowledgements Editors Contributors Part I: Sensors and Sensor Technology Soft Sensors: Software-Based Sensors Petr Kadlec Implantable Systems Vincenzo Luciano, Emilio Sardini, Alessandro Dionisi, Mauro Serpelloni, and Andrea Cadei Bio-Inspired and Life-Inspired Sensors Cesar Ortega-Sanchez and Halit Eren Image Sensors Mehdi Habibi Principles and Technology of SQUIDs Robert L. Fagaly Next Generation of Smart Sensors Michael E. Stanley and Stéphane Gervais-Ducouret Needle-Type Environmental Sensors Woo Hyoung Lee, Jin-Hwan Lee, Woo-Hyuck Choi, Ian Papautsky, and Paul L. Bishop Single-Chip Chemical and Biological Sensors Alireza Hassanzadeh and Robert G. Lindquist CMOS Integrated Gas Sensors Prasanta K. Guha, Sumita Santra, and Julian W. Gardner Energy Harvesting for Sensors: DC Harvesters Oscar Lopez-Lapeña, Maria Teresa Penella, and Manel Gasulla Energy Harvesting for Sensors: AC Harvesters Maria Teresa Penella, Oscar Lopez-Lapeña, and Manel Gasulla Hydrogen Gas Sensors: Flow H. El Matbouly, F. Domingue, V. Palmisano, and L. Boon-Brett Thermal Sensors: Flow Nam-Trung Nguyen SQUID Magnetometers Robert L. Fagaly Sensor Networks and Communication Robert M. Crovella Part II: Electrical Variables Electric Current Sensors Pavel Ripka Nonlinear System Modeling with Invariance to Fourier Transform for Fault Diagnosis: Application to Power Transformers Gerasimos Rigatos and Pierluigi Siano Meter Voltage Measurement Alessandro Ferrero Oscilloscope Voltage Measurement Jerry Murphy Inductive and Capacitive Voltage Measurement Cipriano Bartoletti, Luca Podestà, and Giancarlo Sacerdoti Current Measurement Douglas P. McNutt Power Measurement Pasquale Arpaia, Francesco Avallone, Aldo Baccigalupi, and Carmine Landi Power Factor Measurement Michael Z. Lowenstein Phase Measurement Peter O’Shea Energy Measurement Arnaldo Brandolini and Alessandro Gandelli Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity Michael B. Heaney Charge Measurement Saps Buchman, John T. Mester, and T.J. Sumner Capacitance and Capacitance Measurements Halit Eren Permeability and Hysteresis Measurement Jeff P. Anderson and Richard J. Blotzer Inductance Measurement Michal Szyper Immittance Measurement Achim Dreher Distortion Measurement Michael F. Toner and Gordon W. Roberts Noise Measurement W. Marshall Leach, Jr. Part III: Electromagnetic Variables Microwave Measurement Alfons Dehé, K. Beilenhoff, K. Fricke, H. Klingbeil, V. Krozer, and H.L. Hartnagel Q Factor Measurement Albert D. Helfrick EMI and EMC Test Methods Jeffrey P. Mills Permittivity Measurement Devendra K. Misra Electric-Field Strength David A. Hill and Motohisa Kanda Magnetic Field Measurement Robert L. Fagaly and Steven A. Macintyre RF/Microwave Spectrum Analysis Roberto Ambrosini, Stelio Montebugnoli, Claudio Bortolotti, and Mauro Roma Part IV: Time and Frequency Time Measurement Michael A. Lombardi Frequency Measurement Michael A. Lombardi Part V: Optical Photoconductive Sensors Fritz Schuermeyer and Thad Pickenpaugh Photojunction Sensors Michael R. Squillante, Kanai S. Shah, and James F. Christian Vision and Image Sensors Stanley S. Ipson and Chima Okereke Charge-Coupled Devices John A. Nousek, M.W. Bautz, B.E. Burke, J.A. Gregory, R.E. Griffiths, R.L. Kraft, H.L. Kwok, and D.H. Lumb Densitometry Measurement Joseph H. Altman Colorimetry Robert T. Marcus Polarization Measurement Soe-Mie F. Nee Refractive Index Measurement Gerry H. Meeten Turbidity Measurement Daniel Harrison and Michael Fisch Laser Output Measurement Haiyin Sun Optical Loss: Principles and Applications M.M. Rad, Halit Eren, and Martin Maier Part VI: Chemical Variables Interference and Selectivity in Portable Chemical Sensors Denise Wilson Electrochemical Composition Measurement Michael J. Schöning, Arshak Poghossian, Olaf Glück, and Marion Thust Thermal Composition Measurement Mushtaq Ali, Behrooz Pahlavanpour, and Maria Eklund Kinetic Composition Measurement E.E. Uzgiris and J.Y. Gui Chromatography Composition Measurement Behrooz Pahlavanpour, Mushtaq Ali, and C.K. Laird pH Measurement Norman F. Sheppard, Jr. and Anthony Guiseppi-Elie Part VII: Medical, Biomedical, and Health Wireless Sensor Networks in Health Enrique Dorronzoro, Isabel Gómez, Ana Verónica Medina, Luis Fernández-Luque, and Jose Antonio Gómez Sensors for Electrical Impedance Tomography Tushar Kanti Bera and J. Nagaraju Patient-Care Sensing and Monitoring Systems Akihiro Kajiwara and Ryohei Nakamura Sensor-Based Activity Recognition Techniques Donghai Guan, Weiwei Yuan, and Sungyoung Lee Biopotentials and Electrophysiology Measurement Nitish V. Thakor Blood Pressure Measurement Shyam Rithalia, Mark Sun, and Roger Jones Blood Flow Measurements Per Ask and P. Åke Öberg Medical Imaging James T. Dobbins III, Sean M. Hames, Bruce H. Hasegawa, Timothy R. DeGrado, James A. Zagzebski, and Richard Frayne Blood Chemistry Measurement Terry L. Rusch and Ravi Sankar Human Occupancy Detectors Jacob Fraden Part VIII: Environmental GPR Principles and Applications Jan Francke Airborne Radiometers to Measure Electromagnetic Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere: Mature and Emerging Technologies Manfred Wendisch In Situ Sensors for Monitoring the Marine Environment Graham A. Mills, Gary R. Fones, and Silke Kröger Mobile Environmental Sensing Using Smartphones Siamak Aram, A. Toriono, F. Rugiano, and E. Pasero Space Dosimetry Jarvis A. Caffrey and David M. Hamby Capacitance Sensors for Nondestructive Moisture Determination in Agricultural Products and Biofuel Materials Chari V. Kandala and Naveen Puppala Radio Location, Radio Navigation, and GPS Systems Halit Eren Air Pollution Monitoring Michael Bennett Water Quality Measurement Kathleen M. Leonard Satellite Imaging and Sensing Robert F. Cromp Humidity and Moisture Measurement Gert J.W. Visscher Ventilation Measurement L. Basano and P. Ottonello Meteorological Measurement John D. Garrison and Stephen B.W. Roeder Robotics and Sensors: Environmental Applications Gourab Sen Gupta Part IX: Signal Processing Modulation David M. Beams Filters Rahman Jamal and Robert Steer Spectrum Analysis and Correlation Ronney B. Panerai Applied Intelligence Processing Peter H. Sydenham and Rodney Pratt Analog-to-Digital Converters E.B. Loewenstein Computers A.M. MacLeod, P.F. Martin, and W.A. Gillespie Grounding and Shielding Daryl Gerke and William Kimmel Amplifiers and Signal Conditioners Ramón Pallás-Areny Data Acquisition Systems Edward McConnell Part X: Displays and Recorders Plasma-Driven Flat Panel Displays Robert T. McGrath, Ramanapathy Veerasingam, William C. Moffatt, and Robert B. Campbell Electroluminescent Displays William A. Barrow Light-Emitting Diode Displays Mohammad A. Karim Magnetic and Optical Recording Yufeng Li Liquid Crystal Displays Kalluri R. Sarma Cathode Ray Tube Displays Christopher J. Sherman Appendix: Units and Conversions B.W. Petley Index

John G. Webster received his BS from Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA and M.Sc and Ph.D from University of Rochester, New York, USA. A fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Instrument Society of America, American Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Society, and Institute of Physics, he served on the IEEE-EMBS Administrative Committee and NIH Surgery and Bioengineering Study Section, authored/co-authored and edited/co-edited numerous books and publications, and received the IEEE-EMBS Career Achievement Award. A highly cited researcher for King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, he is currently a professor emeritus at University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA. Halit Eren received his BS, M.Sc, and Ph.D from University of Sheffield, UK. He also obtained an MBA from Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia. He has served as an instrumentation engineer at Etibank, as well as an assistant professor for Hacettepe University and Middle East Technical University, all in Turkey. An author and co-editor of several books and publications, he was associate professor at Polytechnic University, Hong Kong and visiting professor at University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA. A senior member of IEEE taking roles in Region 10 activities and various committees for organizing conferences, he is currently teaching and conducting research at Curtin University.