Joint Cognitive Systems Foundations of Cognitive Systems Engineering

Written by pioneers in the development of Cognitive Systems Engineering (CSE), this book offers a principled approach to studying human work with complex machines. The authors use a top-down, functional approach and emphasize a proactive (coping) perspective on work that overcomes the limitations of the structural human information processing view. They describe a conceptual framework for analysis with concrete theories and methods for joint system modeling that can be applied across the spectrum of single human/machine systems, social/technical systems, and whole organizations. The book explores both current and potential applications of CSE illustrated by examples.

Nothing has been more prolific over the past century than human/machine interaction. Automobiles, telephones, computers, manufacturing machines, robots, office equipment, machines large and small; all affect the very essence of our daily lives. However, this interaction has not always been efficient or easy and has at times turned fairly hazardous. Cognitive Systems Engineering (CSE) seeks to improve this situation by the careful study of human/machine interaction as the meaningful behavior of a unified system.Written by pioneers in the development of CSE, Joint Cognitive Systems: Foundations of Cognitive Systems Engineering offers a principled approach to studying human work with complex technology. The authors use a top-down, functional approach and emphasize a proactive (coping) perspective on work that overcomes the limitations of the structural human information processing view. They describe a conceptual framework for analysis with concrete theories and methods for joint system modeling that can be applied across the spectrum of single human/machine systems, social/technical systems, and whole organizations. The book explores both current and potential applications of CSE illustrated by examples.Understanding the complexities and functions of the human/machine interaction is critical to designing safe, highly functional, and efficient technological systems. This is a critical reference for students, designers, and engineers in a wide variety of disciplines.

PREFACETHE DRIVING FORCESIntroductionOn TerminologyComputerization and Growing ComplexitySelf-Reinforcing Complexity CycleComplexity and UnpredictabilityConspicuousness of the Human FactorThe Constraining ParadigmInput-Output ModelsThe Shannon-Weaver Model Communication ModelPrototypical Information ProcessingFrom Human-Machine Interaction to Joint SystemsThe Cognitive ViewpointThe Classical Human-Machine ViewThe Disintegrated ViewChanging the ParadigmDefinition of a Cognitive SystemThe Scope of CSETHE EVOLUTION OF WORKTechnological Systems as Amplification`Examples of AmplificationAmplification of ControlEffects of AmplificationAmplification and InterpretationTools and ProsthesesA Short History of Human-Machine InteractionThe Conspicuousness of CognitionChanging Balance Between Doing and ThinkingLoss of Work-Specific InformationThe Law of Requisite VarietyModels of the Human as ControllerThe Joint Cognitive System (JCS)Control and CognitionDisjoint and Joint SystemsAmplifying the Ability to ControlTHE BASICS OF A SCIENCEModel-Classification-MethodRequirements to MeasurementsTheory-Driven MeasurementsTheory-Begging MeasurementsThe Meaning of MeasurementsThe Elusiveness of CognitionCognition in the MindCognition in the WildThe Focus of CSECognition and ContextCognition and ControlModeling Cognition and ContextSequentiality in Reality and in ModelsThe Threads of CSECoping With ComplexityUse of ArtifactsJoint Cognitive SystemsMerging the ThreadsCOPING WITH COMPLEXITYIntroductionAbout CopingSources of ComplexityLosing ControlLack of TimeLack of KnowledgeLack of Readiness or Preparedness (Competence)Lack of ResourcesCoping StrategiesInformation Input OverloadInformation Input UnderloadDesigning for SimplicitySimplicity-Complexity Trade-OffInformation StructuringHow Should the Interaction Be Designed?Designing for ComplexitySupport for CopingTimePredictabilitySummaryUSE OF ARTIFACTSIntroductionPhenomenology of CoagencyTools and ProsthesesArtifacts in CSERange of ArtifactsCognitive ArtifactsThe Substitution MythConsequences of Technology ChangeTraffic SafetyTypical User Responses to New ArtifactsFailure Modes of an ArtefactThe Accidental UserUser Models and Accidental UsersJOINT COGNITIVE SYSTEMSIntroductionOn the Nature of System BoundariesAutomation and Joint Cognitive SystemsDegrees of Human-Machine DependencyAutomation PhilosophiesIronies of AutomationLesons of AutomationFunction Analysis and Goal AchievementGoals and MeansSimple Test-Operate-Test-Exit (TOTE)Recursive Goals-Means DescriptionsCONTROL AND COGNITIONIntroductionFeedback and ControlFeedforward and ControlThe Substance of Modeling CognitionCognition Without ContextCognition in ContextMental Models and the Law of Requisite VarietyCOCOM-Contextual Control ModelModel ConstituentsControl ModesECOM-Extended Control ModelTrackingRegulatingMonitoringTargetingECOM Structure and ParametersInteraction Between LoopsModeling the Loss of ControlTIME AND CONTROLOrthodoxy in ModelingModel MinimizationTwo Neglected IssuesModeling ControlPredictabilityAvailable TimeThe Modeling of TimeRepresentation of Time in COCOMTime and Control ModesHow to Enhance ControlTechnological and Organizational SolutionsHuman SolutionsConclusionsCSE AND ITS APPLICATIONSWhat Should CSE Be About?Extensions to Human Factors/ErgonomicsDesign of Work (Cognitive Task Design)Making Work EasyMaking Work SafeProblems in the Design of WorkControl RoomsAdaptationDecision SupportThe Last WordsBIBLIOGRAPHYAUTHOR INDEXSUBJECT INDEX

Erik Hollnagel is presently Senior Professor of Patient Safety at the University of Jonkoping, Sweden