International and Life Course Aspects of COVID-19

International and Life Course Aspects of COVID-19 describes the nuances and international variations of COVID-19 in different populations and age groups. This volume details those differences in chapters examining the effects of the virus at different life stages, including newborns, children, adolescents, and older populations. Consideration of the age-specific effects of COVID-19 on the brain are a major focus unique to this resource. International observations and global outcomes are also described. This volume is relevant for all clinicians working to ensure the best outcomes for patients with COVID-19 worldwide.

Preface

Section A: Introductory chapters and setting the scene

1. COVID-19 and mortality in children

2. Congenital and perinatal COVID-19: Diagnostic challenges, current management, and
outcomes

3. COVID-19 vaccine strategies

4. Social and community responses to public health and social measures for COVID-19: Community engagement for risk preparedness

Section B: International aspects

5. The COVID-19 pandemic in Italy: Ecological background and epidemiological dynamics

6 COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria

7. A bird's eye view of the COVID-19 pandemic in India: The past, present, and future

8. COVID-19 pandemic in Europe Malgorzata Gruchola and Malgorzata

9. COVID-19 in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC)

10. COVID-19 in Sudan: A multiperspective review

11. Asymptomatic infection by SARSCoV-2 at the beginning of the epidemic in Cuba: Evidence from
case series

12. Stress and anxiety due to COVID-19 in India

13. COVID-19 pandemic in Korea: A focus on medical management

14. Stigma experienced by healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: Global and Egyptian
perspectives

Section C: Reproduction, pregnancy and new-borns

15. The COVID-19 pandemic and breastfeeding

16. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on female fertility

17. Fetal death due to maternal COVID-19

18. The COVID-19 pandemic and identification of SARS-CoV-2 in the prostate

19. COVID-19 in pregnant women: Clinical course, treatment, and maternal/fetal outcome of vaccination during pregnancy

20. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG antibodies and their vertical
transfer

21. COVID-19 vaccination during lactation

22. Being pregnant during the COVID-19 pandemic: Impact of the trimester of gestation and measures of maternal mental health

23. COVID-19 related maternal mortality and SARS-CoV-2 variants

24. COVID-19-associated complications in pregnant women and neonates

25. SARS-CoV-2 and its impact on the developing fetal neurologic system

26. Impact of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection in the placenta

Section D: Children and adolescents

27. T cells and their subsets in children with COVID-19

28. Pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome and SARS-CoV-2

29. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on nutritional status of children

30. COVID-19 in children: Nutrition care

31. Eating disorders in children during the COVID-19 pandemic

32. Body composition in children with SARS-CoV-2 infection: Short and long term consequences

33. Risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and childhood obesity

34. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic during the lockdown and the post-COVID-19 effects on
the family system of children with disabilities

35. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ordinary vaccination programs for very young children: BCG, MMR, poliomyelitis, and beyond

36. Immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination in children

37. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: How physical fitness changes in children

38. The COVID-19 pandemic and children: Impact on physical activity

39. The COVID-19 pandemic and stress related to schooling

40. Suicidal thoughts and behaviors among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic

41. The COVID-19 pandemic: Attending to hand hygiene measures in young people
(a review of different studies)

42. Child and adolescent COVID-19 vaccination: Trends, hesitancy, and strategies for increasing vaccination

43. Social distancing behavior and mental health in US adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic

44. Thrombotic complications in children and adolescents with SARS-CoV-2 infection

45. Features of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination in children: A focus on magnetic resonance imaging of the heart

46. SARS-CoV-2 infection and the cytokine levels and pathway in children: An updated narrative

Section E: Older adults

47. Risk factors related to COVID-19 among older adults

48. Reducing loneliness and social isolation among the elderly during the COVID-19 pandemic

49. Features and measures of depression in the elderly and the impact of the COVID-19
pandemic: Linking in preexisting mental health

50. Experiences of disabled older adults in adult day care centers during the COVID-19 pandemic

51. Using single-cell analysis to investigate disease severity in elderly patients with COVID-19

52. COVID-19 and older adult food practices: A social determinants of health perspective

53. Older subjects and immunogenicity of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines

54. Noninvasive respiratory support in octogenarian patients with COVID-19

Section F: Case studies with mini review

55. Case study: COVID-19 severity in diabetic patients with and without seizure

56. Case study: Nonpharmaceutical interventions for COVID-19 and their social impact in Japan

57. Case study: Factors affecting vaccine uptake-Australian perspectives

58. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on an older disabled person

59. COVID-19 in the newborn: Clinical course and effects of maternal vaccination in pregnancy

Section G: Resources

60. Recommended resources for the international and life course aspects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Dr Rajkumar Rajendram is a clinician scientist with a focus on internal medicine, anaesthesia, intensive care and peri-operative medicine. He graduated with distinctions from Guy's, King's and St. Thomas Medical School, King's College London in 2001. As an undergraduate he was awarded several prizes, merits and distinctions in pre-clinical and clinical subjects.

Dr Rajendram began his post-graduate medical training in general medicine and intensive care in Oxford. He attained membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) in 2004 and completed specialist training in acute and general medicine in Oxford in 2010. Dr Rajendram subsequently practiced as a Consultant in Acute General Medicine at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford.

Dr Rajendram also trained in anaesthesia and intensive care in London and was awarded a fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA) in 2009. He completed advanced training in regional anaesthesia and intensive care. He was awarded a fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM) in 2013 and obtained the European diploma of intensive care medicine (EDIC) in 2014. He then moved to the Royal Free London Hospitals as a Consultant in Intensive Care, Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine. He has been a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCP Edin) and the Royal College of Physicians of London (FRCP Lond) since 2017 and 2019 respectively. He is currently a Consultant in Internal Medicine at King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Dr Rajendram's focus on improving outcomes from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has involved research on point of care ultrasound and phenotypes of COVID-19. Dr Rajendram also recognises that nutritional support is a fundamental aspect of medical care. This is particularly important for patients with COVID-19. As a clinician scientist he has therefore devoted significant time and effort into nutritional science research and education. He is an affiliated member of the Nutritional Sciences Research Division of King's College London and has published over 400 textbook chapters, review articles, peer-reviewed papers and abstracts.

Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at King's College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at King's College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at King's College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books.
Vinood B. Patel, BSc, PhD, FRSC, is currently Professor in Clinical Biochemistry at the University of Westminster. In 2014 Dr Patel was elected as a Fellow to The Royal Society of Chemistry. Dr Patel graduated from the University of Portsmouth with a degree in Pharmacology and completed his PhD in protein metabolism from King's College London in 1997. His postdoctoral work was carried out at Wake Forest University Baptist Medical School, NC, USA studying structural-functional alterations to mitochondrial ribosomes, where he developed novel techniques to characterize their biophysical properties. Research is being undertaken to study the role of nutrients, antioxidants, phytochemicals, iron, alcohol and fatty acids in the pathophysiology of liver disease. Other areas of interest are identifying new biomarkers that can be used for the diagnosis and prognosis of disease and understanding mitochondrial oxidative stress in neurological disorders and iron dysregulation in diabetes. Dr Patel is a nationally and internationally recognized researcher and has several edited biomedical books related to the use or investigation of active agents or components. These bo