Implementation Science The Key Concepts

This accessible textbook introduces a wide spectrum of ideas, approaches, and examples that make up the emerging field of implementation science, including implementation theory, processes and methods, data collection and analysis, brokering interest on the ground, and sustainable implementation. Containing over60 concise essays, each addressing the thorny problem of how we can make care more evidence-informed, this book looks at how implementation science should be defined, how it can be conducted, and how it is assessed. It offers vital insight into how research findings that are derived from healthcare contexts can help make sense of service delivery and patient encounters. Each entry concentrates on an important concept and examines the idea’s evidence base, root causes and effects, ideas and applications, and methodologies and methods. Revealing a very human side to caregiving, but also tackling its more complex and technological aspects, the contributors draw on real-life healthcare examples to look both at why things go right in introducing a new intervention and at what can go wrong. Implementation Science: The Key Conceptsprovides a toolbox of rich, contemporary thought from leading international thinkers, clearly and succinctly delivered. This comprehensive and enlightening range of ideas and examples brought together in one place is essential reading for all students, researchers, and practitioners with an interest in translating knowledge into practice in healthcare.

Part I Principles and Concepts of Implementation Science 1 Complexity Science Jeffrey Braithwaite 2 Taking a Systems View Moriah E. Ellen and Saritte Perlman 3 Resilience Changes the Lens for Healthcare Implementation Systems David D. Woods and Michael F. Rayo 4 Implementation Systems that Support Resilient Performance Michael F. Rayo 5 Principles of Implementation Science Amy M. Kilbourne 6 Medical Humanism: The Role of Character in Implementation Science Mark Clark 7 Theorizing Roman Kislov and Paul Wilson 8 Theories, Models, and Frameworks in Implementation Science: A Taxonomy Per Nilsen 9 The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) Laura Damschroder 10 The Theoretical Domains Framework Fabiana Lorencatto 11 Organization Theory for Implementation Science Sarah A. Birken and Emily R. Haines 12 Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, Sustainment (EPIS) Framework Joanna C. Moullin and Gregory A. Aarons 13 Implementation Science as Process Ecology: Normalization Process Theory Carl May 14 Diffusion of Innovation Theory Ping Yu 15 Health-related Quality of Life Ben Smith and Ivana Durcinoska 16 Shared Decision-Making: Consider Context Glyn Elwyn 17 Core Aspects of Nudge as a Behaviour Change Paradigm in Implementation Science Klay Lamprell 18 Pipeline and Cyclical Models of Evidence Building: The Roles of Implementation Research Carolyn J. Hill and Virginia Knox Part II Methodology and Methods of Implementation Science 19 Application Nick Sevdalis and Louise Hull 20 Plan, Do, Study, Act (PDSA) Jeffrey Braithwaite 21 Formative Evaluation Feedback Loops Jeffrey Braithwaite 22 Implementation or Continuous Design? The Contribution of Human Factors and Engineering to Healthcare Quality and Patient Safety Pascale Carayon 23 Core and Variation Components Terje Ogden 24 Sensemaking: Appreciating Patterns and Coherence in Complexity David C. Aron and Luci K. Leykum 25 Methodological Diversity Frances Rapport and Yvonne Zurynski 26 Applying the Theoretical Domains Framework: Its Uses and Limitations Fabiana Lorencatto 27 Ethnography Justin Waring and Jenelle Clarke 28 Walking Methods Frances Rapport 29 Modelling Complex Socio-Technical Systems: The Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) Erik Hollnagel and Robyn Clay-Williams 30 Getting a handle on the social processes of implementation: Social network research Janet C. Long 31 Sentiment Analysis for Use within Rapid Implementation Research: How Far and Fast Can We Go? James Smith 32 Mixed Methods Design Lawrence A. Palinkas 33 Simulation to Improve Patient Care Mary D. Patterson and Ellen S. Deutsch 34 In Situ Simulation Kyota Nakamura and Kazue Nakajima 35 Emergency Implementation Science John Øvretveit 36 Planning for Implementation: Why, Who, and How Andrea Smith and Karen Hutchinson 37 Consensus Building: A Key Concept in Implementation Science Lawrence Susskind 38 Nudge: Finding Clues and Using Cues to Shift Clinician Behaviour Klay Lamprell 39 Design and Implementation of Dashboards in Healthcare Kristiana Ludlow and Johanna Westbrook 40 Sensemaking: Paying Attention to the Stories We Tell to Improve Our Ability to Act Luci K. Leykum and David C. Aron 41 Adaptations Ulrica von Thiele Schwarz, Henna Hasson, and Gregory A. Aarons Part III Challenges with Evidence into Practice: Translation, Evaluation, Sustainability 42 Evidence Synthesis: Maximizing the Potential Jo Rycroft-Malone 43 Theory-driven Evaluation Huey T. Chen 44 Process Evaluation of Implementation Strategies Michel Wensing 45 Dissemination David Chambers 46 A Learning Perspective on Implementation Per Nilsen, Margit Neher, Per-Erik Ellström, and Benjamin Gardner 47 Alignment: Impact on Implementation Processes and Outcomes Mark G. Ehrhart and Gregory A. Aarons 48 Work-as-Imagined and Work-as-Done Erik Hollnagel and Robyn Clay-Williams 49 Leading Implementation by Focusing on Strategic Implementation Leadership Gregory A. Aarons and Mark G. Ehrhart 50 Agents of Change: The Example of an Allied Health ProfessionalKate Laver 51 Clinical Decision SupportDavid W. Bates 52 Interprofessional Team Working: The Case of Care Pathways Kris Vanhaecht and Ellen Coeckelberghs 53 Older People’s Care Jackie Bridges 54 Implementation Interventions to Enhance Patient Self-management Michel Wensing 55 Complex Systems and Unintended Consequences Robyn Clay-Williams 56 The Nature and Need for Slack in Healthcare Services Tarcisio A. Saurin 57 Diagnosis Errors Gordon D. Schiff 58 "Scaling-Out" Evidence-based PracticesMarisa Sklar and Gregory A. Aarons 59 Implementation Sustainability Sharon E. Straus 60 De-implementation Iestyn Williams and Russell Mannion

Frances Rapport is Professor of Health Implementation Science at Macquarie University’s Centre for Healthcare Resilience and Implementation Science, Sydney, Australia, is Academic Lead, MD Research, Macquarie University, and holds an Honorary Chair as Professor of Qualitative Health Research at Swansea University’s Medical School, UK. She currently leads a team of implementation scientists examining new models of implementation to support the translation of research outcomes into practical solutions for healthcare delivery and improvement.Rapport has a visiting professorship in Bournemouth University, UK, and was previously a visiting professor at Harvard University (Psychiatry), Texas University, Galveston (Medical Board), and the University of Tromsø (Medical Humanities) in Norway. Robyn Clay-Williams is Associate Professor of Human Factors and Resilience and an internationally regarded health services researcher, who leads a research stream at the Australian Institute of Health and Innovation (AIHI), Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. Her expertise is in creating health systems that can function effectively in the presence of complexity and uncertainty. Dr Clay-Williams’ research bridges the gap between theory and practice by developing products and processes that are usable and ready for implementation. She has a background in aviation and, prior to her academic career, was a military test pilot with the Royal Australian Air Force. Jeffrey Braithwaite is Founding Director of the AIHI, Director of the Centre for Healthcare Resilience and Implementation Science, and Professor of Health Systems Research, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. He has appointments at six other universities internationally, and he is a board member and President of the International Society for Quality in Health Care (ISQua) and consultant to the World Health Organization (WHO). Working with 152 countries on their reform initiatives, his research on safer, higher quality, and more resilient care examines health systems and their capacity to implement change and improvement, attracting funding of more than AUD 171 million. He is particularly interested in healthcare as a Complex Adaptive System and applying complexity science to healthcare problems.