Image-based Sexual Abuse A Study on the Causes and Consequences of Non-consensual Nude or Sexual Imagery

This book investigates the causes and consequences of image-based sexual abuse in a digital era. Image-based sexual abuse refers to the taking or sharing of nude or sexual photographs or videos of another person without their consent. It includes a diversity of behaviours beyond that of "revenge porn", such as the secret trading of nude or sexual images online; "upskirting", "downblousing" and other "creepshots"; blackmail or "sextortion" scams; the use of artificial intelligence to construct "deepfake" pornographic videos; threats to distribute photographs and videos without consent; and the taking or sharing of sexual assault imagery. This book investigates the pervasiveness and experiences of these harms, as well as the raft of legal and non-legal measures that have been introduced to better respond to and prevent image-based sexual abuse. The book draws on groundbreaking empirical research, including surveys in three countries with over 6,000 respondents and over 100 victim-survivor and stakeholder interviews. Guided by theoretical frameworksfrom gender studies, sociology, criminology, law and psychology, the authors argue that image-based sexual abuse is more commonly perpetrated by men than women, and that perpetration is higher among some groups, including younger and sexuality minority men. Although the motivations of perpetrators vary, a dominant theme to emerge was that of power and control. The gendered nature of the abuse means that it is best understood as a "continuum of sexual violence" because victim-survivors often experience it as part of a broader pattern of gendered harassment, violence and abuse. Written in a clear and direct style, this book will appeal to students and scholars of criminology, sociology, law and psychology. Image-based Sexual Abuse is also an essential resource for activists, legal and policy practitioners, technology companies and victim-survivors seeking to understand the deeply complex nature of intimate-image sharing in a digital era.

1. Image-Based Sexual Abuse: Beyond "Revenge Pornography" 2. Victim-Survivor Experiences of Image-Based Sexual Abuse 3. The Harms of Image-Based Sexual Abuse (with Erika Rackley and Nicola Gavey) 4. Image-Based Sexual Abuse Perpetration: Power and Control 5. Visual Criminality: A Theory of Image-Based Sexual Abuse 6. The Missing Culture of Consent: Shifting Social Norms on Image-Sharing, Sexual Autonomy and Harm 7. Seeking Justice for Victim-Survivors of Image-Based Sexual Abuse (with Erika Rackley) 8. Preventing Image-Based Sexual Abuse: Ethics, Consent and Respectful Relationships 9. Conclusion

Nicola Henry is an Associate Professor and Vice-Chancellor’s Principal Research Fellow in the Social and Global Studies Centre at RMIT University (Melbourne, Australia). She has published widely in the sexual field, andis the author of War and Rape: Law, Memory and Justice (2011) and Sexual Violence in a Digital Age (2017, co-authored with Anastasia Powell). Clare McGlynn QC (Hon) is a Professor of Law at Durham University (UK), whose research and collaborations with politicians, policymakers and the voluntary sector has shaped new laws relating to pornography, sexual violence and image-based sexual abuse. Asher Flynn is an Associate Professor of Criminology at Monash University (Melbourne, Australia). She has writtenon a wide range of issuesand is lead researcher on several research projects examining gendered violence, AI-facilitated abuse, technology-facilitated sexual violence and image-based sexual abuse Kelly Johnson is an Assistant Professor of Criminology at Durham University (UK). Her research focuses on sexual and domestic violence, particularly in areas related to image-based sexual abuse and policing. Anastasia Powell is an Associate Professor of Criminology & Justice Studies at RMIT University (Melbourne, Australia). She is the author of several books addressing both technology and sexual violence including: Digital Criminology (2019, co-authored with Gregry Stratton and Robin Cameron), Sexual Violence in a Digital Age (2017, co-authored with Nicola Henry), and Sex, Power and Consent (2010). Adrian J. Scott is a Senior Lecturer at Goldsmiths, University of London (UK), where he is a member of the Forensic Psychology Unit and the Co-Director of an accredited MSc programme in Forensic Psychology. He has a broad interest in forensic psychology, specialising in the areas of stalking and image-based sexual abuse.