Georgian A Comprehensive Grammar

Georgian: A Comprehensive Grammar constitutes a complete reference work addressing all major elements of modern Georgian grammar and usage. It provides a systematic and accessible description of the language’s phonology, orthography, morphology, and syntax. The focus is on contemporary spoken and written usage, with attention devoted throughout to differences in register and genre. Points are illustrated with examples drawn from a range of authentic written and recorded sources, such as press, radio, and television. The grammar is designed for a wide readership, including students of Georgian, particularly at the intermediate and advanced levels, as well as scholars of Georgian and theoretical linguistics.

Acknowledgements GEORGIAN LANGUAGE AND ALPHABET 1. PLACE OF THE GEORGIAN LANGUAGE AMONG THE SOUTH CAUCASIAN LANGUAGES 2. THE GEORGIAN ALPHABET PHONOLOGY 3. SOUND SYSTEM OF THE GEORGIAN LANGUAGE 3.1. Classification of consonants 3.1.1. Consonant triples 3.1.2. Consonant pairs 3.1.3. Separate consonants 3.1.4. Structure of consonant clusters 3.2. Classification of vowels 3.2.1. Backness 3.2.2. Height 3.2.3. Traingle of vowels MORPHOLOGY 4. NOUNS 4.1. Noun groups 4.1.1. Animate and inanimate nouns 4.1.2. Concrete and abstract nouns 4.1.3. Proper and common nouns 4.1.4. Collective nouns 4.1.5. Noncount nouns 4.2. Grammatical categories of nouns 4.2.1. Case and number markers 4.2.2. Function of cases 4.3. Declension of noun 4.3.1. Declension of common nouns 4.3.1.1. Declension of consonant-stem non-syncopating common nouns 4.3.1.2. Declension of consonant-stem syncopating common nouns 4.3.1.3. Consonant-stem common nouns with irregular syncopation patterns 4.3.1.4. Declension of vowel-stem common nouns 4.3.1.5. Declension of vowel-stem non-truncating common nouns 4.3.1.6. Declension of vowel-stem truncating common nouns 4.3.1.7. Vowel-stem common nouns with irregular declension patterns 4.3.1.8. Declension of vowel-stem truncating common nouns with syncope 4.4. Declension of proper names 4.4.1. Declension of consonant-stem personal names 4.4.2. Declension of consonant-stem geographic names 4.4.3. Declension of vowel-stem given names 4.4.4. Declension of vowel-stem family names 4.4.5. Declension of given and family names together 4.4.6. Vowel-stem geographic names 4.4.6.1. Non-truncating geographic names 4.4.6.2. Truncating geographic names 5. ADJECTIVES 5.1. Groups of Adjectives 5.1.1. Derivative Adjectives 5.2. Comparative and superlative Adjectives 5.3. Declension of Adjectives 5.3.1. Declension of adjectives without noun 5.3.2. Declension of Adjectives preceding noun 5.3.2.1. Declension of vowel-stem adjectives preceding noun 5.3.2.2. Declension of consonant stem adjectives preceding noun 6. NUMERALS 6.1. Types of numerals 6.1.1. Cardinal numerals 6.1.2. Spelling of Cardinal Numerals 6.2. Ordinal and Fractional Numerals 6.3. Declension of Numerals 6.3.1. Declension of consonant-stem cardinal numerals 6.3.1.1. Declension of consonant-stem cardinal numerals 6.3.1.2. Declension of consonant-stem quantifiers 6.3.2. Declension of vowel-stem numerals 6.3.2.1. Declension of vowel-stem cardinal numerals 6.3.2.2. Declension of vowel-stem quantifiers 6.3.2.3. Declension of vowel stem ordinal numerals 6.3.3. Declension of cardinal numerals extended by particles 6.3.4. Declension of numerals followed by noun 6.3.4.1. Declension of vowel-stem numerals followed by noun 6.3.4.2. Declension of consonant-stem cardinal numerals followed by noun 6.3.5. Declension of numerals followed by numerals 7. PRONOUNS 7.1. Personal pronouns and their declension 7.2. Reflexive pronouns 7.3. Possessive pronouns and their declension 7.3.1. Declension of possesive pronouns with noun 7.4. Demonstrative pronouns 7.4.1. Declension of demonstrative pronouns 7.4.2. Declension of demonstrative pronouns preceding noun 7.4.3. Declension of demonstrative pronouns with added particles separately and with noun 7.5. Interrogative pronouns and their declension 7.5.1. Declension of interrogative pronouns preceding noun 7.6. Possessive-interrogative pronouns and their declension 7.6.1. Declension of possessive-interrogative pronouns preceding noun 7.7. Negative pronouns and their declension 7.8. Definite pronouns and their declension 7.8.1. Declension of definite pronouns preceding noun 7.9. Indefinite pronouns and their declension 7.9.1. Declension of indefinite pronouns preceding noun 7.10. Reciprocal pronouns and their declension 7.11. Relative pronouns and their Declension 8. COMPOUNDS 8.1. Semantics of Compounds 8.2. Structure of Compounds 8.2.1. Compounds with reduplicated stems 8.2.2. Compounds with different stems 8.2.3. Closed Compounds 9. VERBS 9.1. Person and number of the Verb 9.1.1. Persons and actants 9.1.2. Subject and number markers 9.1.3. Direct/indirect object and number markers 9.1.4. Subject and object cases 9.1.5. Inversion of subject and object markers 9.1.6. Grammatical and actual verb persons 9.2. Preverbs 9.2.1. Structure of preverbs 9.2.2. Functions of preverb 9.3. Voice and Transitivity of verbs 9.3.1. Active voice 9.3.2. Passive voice 9.3.2.1. Suffixal passive voice verbs 9.3.2.2. Prefixal passive voice verbs 9.3.2.3. Root passive voice verbs 9.3.3. Medial verbs 9.3.3.1. Medio-Active verbs 9.3.3.2. Medio-Passive verbs 9.4. Version 9.4.1. Neutral and Locative versions 9.4.2. Subjective version 9.4.3. Objective version 9.5. Tense and its subcategories 9.5.1. Mood 9.5.2. Aspect 9.6. Conjugation of Verbs 9.6.1. I Series 9.6.1.2. Present Subseries 9.6.1.2.1. Present 9.6.1.2.2. Imperfect 9.6.1.2.3. Present subjunctive 9.6.1.3. Future Subseries 9.6.2. II Series 9.6.2.1. Aorist 9.6.2.2. Optative 9.6.3. III Series 9.6.3.1. Perfect 9.6.3.2. Pluperfect 9.6.3.3. Perfect subjunctive 9.7. Irregular verbs 9.7.1. Irregular verbs with changing stems in agreement with a plural subject 9.7.2. Irregular verbs with changing stems in agreement with a plural direct object 9.7.3. Honorific verbs of polite conversation 9.7.4. Irregular verbs with changing stems by tense 9.7.5. Irregular verbs with changimg stems by aspect 9.8. Verbal nouns 9.8.1. Gerund and its derivation 9.8.2. Participles 9.8.2.1. Active voice Participles 9.8.2.2. Passive voice participles 9.8.2.2.1. Past passive participles 9.8.2.2.2. Future passive participles 9.8.2.2.3 Negative passive participles 9.8.2.3. Medial voice participles 10. ADVERBS 10.1. Primary and derivative adverbs 10.2. Semantic groups of Adverbs 11. POSPOSITIONS 12. CONJUNCTIONS 12.1. Coordinating Conjunctions 12.1.1. Correlative Conjunctions 12.1.2. Separating Conjunctions 12.1.3. Contrastive Conjunctions 12.1.4. Equating Conjunctions 12.2. Subordinating Conjunctions 13. PARTICLES 13.1. Interrogative particles 13.2. Limiting particles 13.3. Negation particles 13.4. Affirmative particles 13.5. Reported speech particles 13.6. Approximating particles 13.7. Emphasizing particles 13.8. Particles expressing wish or desire 13.9. Selective particles 13.10. Particles expressing possibility or supposition 13.11. Imitative particles 13.12. Indicative particles 13.13. Particle denoting frequency of action 13.14. Particle denoting not witnessed action 13.15. Parts of speech functioning as particles 14. INTERJECTIONS SINTACTIC STRUCTURES 15. NOUN PHRASE 15.1. Noun/subject 15.2. Noun/direct and indirect objects 15.3. Adjectives 15.3.1. Attributive adjectives 15.3.2. Genitive modifier 16. VERB PHRASE 16.1. Predicate 16.1.1. Simple predicate 16.1.2. Compound predicate and its structure 16.2. Adjunct object 16.3. Predicative adjective 16.4. Adverbial modifiers 17. SYNTACTYC PAIRS 17.1. Number of syntactic pairs in the sentence 17.2. Types of word relations within syntactic pairs 17.2.1. Coordination 17.2.2. Subordination 17.3. Increasing and decreasing basic parts of a sentence 17.3.1. Increasing the number of actants in a sentence 17.3.1.1. Increasing the number of actants with causative verbs 17.3.1.2. Increasing the number of actants by changing version 17.3.1.3. Increasing the number of actants with preverbs 17.3.2. Decreasing the number of actants in a sentence 17.3.2.1. Conversion 18. MODALITY OF SENTENCES 18.1. Declarative sentence 18.2. Interrogative sentence 18.3. Imperative and Exclamative sentences 18.4. Interrogative-Exclamative sentence 19. STRUCTURE OF SENTENCES 19.1. Simple Sentences 19.1.1. Unextended and extended sentences 19.1.2. Complete and Incomplete Sentences 19.1.3. Sentences without or with omitted subjects 19.1.4. Noun-sentence 19.2. Sentence with coordinated parts 19.2.1. Coordinated parts 19.2.1.1. Joining coordinated parts 19.3. Coordinated parts in syntactic pairs 19.3.1. Compound predicates 19.3.2. Compound subjects 19.3.3. Coordinated direct ob

Tinatin Bolkvadze is Professor at the Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia. Dodona Kiziria is Professor at Indiana University, Indiana, Bloomington, USA.