Fundamentals of Picoscience

Now ubiquitous in public discussions about cutting-edge science and technology, nanoscience has generated many advances and inventions, from the development of new quantum mechanical methods to far-reaching applications in electronics and medical diagnostics. Ushering in the next technological era, Fundamentals of Picoscience focuses on the instrumentation and experiments emerging at the picometer scale. One picometer is the length of a trillionth of a meter. Compared to a human cell of typically ten microns, this is roughly ten million times smaller. In this state-of-the-art book, international scientists and researchers at the forefront of the field present the materials and methods used at the picoscale. They address the key challenges in developing new instrumentation and techniques to visualize and measure structures at this sub-nanometer level. With numerous figures, the book will help you: Understand how picoscience is an extension of nanoscience Determine which experimental technique to use in your research Connect basic studies to the development of next-generation picoelectronic devices The book covers various approaches for detecting, characterizing, and imaging at the picoscale. It then presents picoscale methods ranging from scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) to spectroscopic approaches at sub-nanometer spatial and energy resolutions. It also covers novel picoscale structures and picometer positioning systems. The book concludes with picoscale device applications, including single molecule electronics and optical computers. Introductions in each chapter explain basic concepts, define technical terms, and give context to the main material.

Picoscale DetectionPicometer Detection by Adaptive Holographic InterferometryUmberto Bortolozzo, Stefania Residori, Jean-Pierre Hiugnard, and Alexei A. Kamshilin Single Atom in an Optical Cavity: An Open Quantum SystemJohn D. Close, Rachel Poldy, Ben C. Buchler, and Nicholas P. Robins Measurements of Subnanometer Molecular LayersMaciej Kokot Electrostatic Potential Mapping in Electron HolographyLew Rabenberg Picoscale CharacterizationInterferometric Measurements at the Picometer ScaleMarco Pisani Protein Crystallography at Subatomic ResolutionTatiana Petrova and Alberto Podjarny X-Ray Optics: Toward Subnanometer FocusingChristian G. Schroer Picoscale ImagingImaging Small Molecules by Scanning Probe MicroscopyShirley Chiang Neutron Holographic Imaging with Picometer AccuracyLászló Cser, Gerhard Krexner, Márton Markó, and Alex Szakál Subnanometer-Scale Electron Microscopy AnalysisSergio Lozano-Perez Atomic-Scale Imaging of Dielectric Point DefectsClayton C. Williams Picometer-Scale Dynamical Single-Molecule Imaging by High-Energy ProbeYuji C. Sasaki Scanning Probe MicroscopyAtomic-Resolution Frequency ModulationTakeshi Fukuma Theory for Picoscale Scanning Tunneling MicroscopyJouko Nieminen Electrochemical STM: Atomic Structure of Metal/Electrolyte InterfacesKnud Gentz and Klaus Wandelt Cold-Atom Scanning Probe Microscopy: An OverviewAndreas Günther, Hendrik Hölscher, and József Fortágh Atomic Resolution Ultrafast Scanning Tunneling MicroscopeQingyou Lu Electron OrbitalsImaging Atomic Orbitals with the Scanning Tunneling MicroscopyAlexander N. Chaika, Sergey I. Bozhko, and Igor V. Shvets STM of Quantum CorralsAkira Tamura Attosecond Imaging of Molecular OrbitalsDavid M. Villeneuve Picoscale Electron Density Analysis of Organic CrystalsYusuke Wakabayashi Atomic-Scale MagnetismAtomic-Scale Magnetism Studied by Spin-Polarized Scanning Tunneling MicroscopyOswald Pietzsch and Roland Wiesendanger Atomic and Molecular Magnets on SurfacesHarald Brune and Pietro Gambardella Spin Inelastic Electron Spectroscopy for Single Magnetic AtomsAaron Hurley, Nadjib Baadji, and Stefano Sanvito PicowiresFerromagnetism in One-Dimensional Atomic ChainsJisang Hong Carbon Atomic ChainsIgor M. Mikhailovskij, Evgenij V. Sadanov, and Tatjana I. Mazilova Single-Atom Electromigration in Atomic-Scale ConductorsMasaaki Araidai and Masaru Tsukada Picometer PositioningPicometer Positioning Using a Femtosecond Optical CombMariko Kajima Detection of Subnanometer Ultrasonic DisplacementsTomaž Požar and Janez Možina Picometer-Scale Optical Noninterferometric Displacement MeasurementsEzio Puppin Direct Observation of the X-Ray-Induced Atomic MotionAkira Saito Picoscale DevicesMirrors with a Subnanometer Surface Shape AccuracyMaria Mikhailovna Barysheva, Nikolay Ivanivich Chkhalo, Aleksei Evgenievich Pestov, Nikolay Nikolaevich Salashchenko, Mikhail Nikolaevich Toropov, and Maria Vladimirovna Zorina Single Molecule ElectronicsSimon J. Higgins and Richard J. Nichols Single-Atom Transistors for LightAndrew Scott Parkins Carbon-Based Zero-, One-, and Two-Dimensional Materials for Device ApplicationYoung Kuk Subnanometer Characterization of Nanoelectronic DevicesPierre Eyben, Jay Mody, Aftab Nazir, Andreas Schulze, Trudo Clarysse, Thomas Hantschel, and Wilfried Vandervorst Chromophores for Picoscale Optical ComputersHeinz Langhals Index

Klaus D. Sattler is a professor of physics at the University of Hawaii, where his research group obtained the first atomic-scale images of carbon nanotubes and produced the first carbon nanocones. His current work focuses on nanodiamonds, graphene quantum dots, and solar photocatalysis with nanoparticles for the purification of water. Dr. Sattler has been a recipient of the German Physical Society’s Walter Schottky Prize. He received a PhD from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH).