Extractive Metallurgy of Rare Earths

New Edition Now Covers Recycling, Environmental Issues, and Analytical Determination Employing four decades of experience in the rare metal and rare earths industry, the authors of Extractive Metallurgy of Rare Earths, Second Edition present the entire subject of rare earth elements with depth and accuracy. This second edition updates the most important developments from the past 10 years. It emphasizes advances made in rare-earth materials processing (converting a rare-earth metal, alloy, or compound to a device-ready material), breakthroughs in the area of rare-earth separation, and now includes a chapter on the recycling of rare earth elements from magnets, batteries, and phosphors among others, covering both manufacturing scrap or materials in end of life devices. Essential to Your Collection This second edition presents comprehensive, detailed, and up-to-date coverage that includes: All aspects of rare earth extractive metallurgy A status of rare earth extraction from various world resources Flow sheets that can be used for rare earths separation, metal reduction, alloy making, refining and end product materials preparation Techniques of various rare earths recycling options An outline of environmental issues in rare earths mining and processing Methods of rare earths determination and analyses of components and impurities in rare earth materials Information extensively linked to primary literature with a complete listing of references A narration of the changing scenario of world rare earth resources and possibility of their exploitation An indispensable resource, Extractive Metallurgy of Rare Earths, Second Edition explains the many aspects of rare earth extractive metallurgy clearly and systematically. The text reveals process implementation possibilities and research opportunities, and considers potential solutions to the challenges impacting this rapidly changing industry.

The Rare EarthsIntroductionDiscoverySpecial CharacteristicsPropertiesReactivityAqueous SystemsApplicationsGlobal Rare-Earth DemandSummaryResourcesIntroductionCrustal AbundanceMineralsRare-Earth DepositsResources and ReservesOccurrenceBy-Products and CoproductsWorld Rare-Earth ProductionA Scenario for the Immediate FutureSummaryResource ProcessingIntroductionMiningPhysical BeneficiationBeneficiation of Other Rare-Earth MineralsChemical TreatmentSeparation ProcessesScandiumSummaryReductionIntroductionFundamentalsMetallothermyPreparation of Rare-Earth ChloridesReduction of Rare-Earth ChloridesPreparation of Rare-Earth FluoridesReduction of Rare-Earth FluoridesOxide Reduction ProcessesNew Reduction ProceduresCarbothermic ReductionElectrolytic Production of Rare-Earth MetalsRecovery of Rare-Earth Metals as AlloysCurrent EfficiencySummaryRefining IntroductionOrigin of ImpuritiesMethods for Impurity RemovalPyrovacuum TreatmentsPyrovacuum TechniquesElectrorefiningUltrapurification MethodsZone RefiningSolid-State ElectrotransportZone Refining and ElectrotransportIodide RefiningMiscellaneous ProcessesSummaryRare-Earth MaterialsIntroductionMisch MetalRare Earth–Silicon–Iron AlloysRare Earth–Magnesium–Silicon AlloysRare Earth–Aluminum–Zinc AlloyYttrium–Aluminum AlloyRE–TM–Mg AlloysFCC CatalystsPermanent Magnet MaterialsRare Earth–Co Permanent MagnetsNeodymium–Iron–Boron MagnetsSm–Fe–N MagnetsLanthanum Substitution in FerritesMagnetostrictive Material (Terfenol-D)Magnetic Refrigerants (Magnetocaloric Materials)Thin Film Deposition ProcessesNiMH Battery and Hydrogen Storage MaterialsSpecial Rare-Earth CeramicsPreparation of Rare-Earth PhosphorsSuperconductorsSummaryRecyclingIntroductionMaterials for RecyclingPotential for RecyclingProcesses for RecyclingPyrometallurgical ProcessesHydrometallurgySeparation of Individual Rare EarthsMagnetsNickel–Metal Hydride BatteriesPhosphorsGlass-Polishing PowderCatalystsOptical GlassMiscellaneous MaterialsSummaryAnalysis of Rare EarthsIntroductionChemical MethodsAnalytical Separation of Rare EarthsInstrumental MethodsSpectroscopyICP-MSXRFNAAOther Instrumental TechniquesDetermination of InterstitialsSummaryEnvironmental AspectsIntroductionContaminant Elements in Rare-Earth OresMain Process Steps in Mining and ProcessingContaminant Release PointsEnvironmental Aspects of Mining and Processing in ChinaEntry Criteria for Rare-Earth Industry (China)Research and Development on Cleaner Production in ChinaEnvironment-Friendly Processing outside ChinaMountain PassBear LodgeMount WeldDubbo Zirconia ProjectKvanefjeldSteenkampskrall MineNechalacho ProjectSummary References

Dr. Nagaiyar Krishnamurthy was affiliated with the Materials Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India, for nearly four decades. He earned his BS degree at the University of Madras in 1974, his MSc in 1980, and his PhD in 1992, both at the University of Bombay. He is a professor at the Homi Bhabha National Institute and has been a member of Indian Rare Earths Technology Development Council. In addition, Dr. Krishnamurthy has published more than 100 papers and co-authored three books that include the first edition of Extractive Metallurgy of Rare Earths, published by CRC in 2004. Dr. Chiranjib Kumar Gupta retired as the director of Materials Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre in January 2000 after decades of association with BARC. He was instrumental in formulating and directing the programs of the Materials Group in the areas of extraction and processing of refractory metals and materials. He pioneered the open aluminothermic reduction as a process of metal- and alloy-making and contributed extensively to the use of fused salt electrolysis for the preparation and refining of group V and VI refractory metals. He is an alumnus of Banaras Hindu University. Dr. Gupta has authored nearly 200 publications.