Introduction Appendix: Background on Peru The Complexity and Salience of Ethnic Identity in Peru Appendix: The Methodology of the CRISE Perception Survey: The Questionnaire and the Sample; D.Sulmont Measuring Group Inequalities; A.Figueroa, M.Paredes & R.Thorp Persistent Inequalities in Education; A.Figueroa, M.Paredes & R.Thorp The Historical Embedding of Group Inequalities: From the Colony to the War with Chile; C.Contreras, M.Paredes & R.Thorp The Embedding of Regional Inequality and the Consequences for Group Inequalities: the 1890s to the 1960s; C.Contreras, M.Paredes & R.Thorp The Evolving Crisis and Consequences for Group Inequality, 1968-90 The Fujimori Years: the Peak of Political and Economic Exclusion Conclusion