1.Introduction.- Part I. Institutional Environment and Entrepreneurs’ Motivations in MENA.- 2. In search of the ideal entrepreneurial ecosystem.- 3.Institutions and Entrepreneurship in MENA Countries.- 4. Entrepreneurial National Efficiency Based on GEM Data: Benchmarks for the MENA Countries.- 5. Increasing entrepreneurial impact in the MENA region.- 6. An Exploration into how Terrorism impacts Business Environment in MENA Region.- 7. Social Entrepreneurship Strategies by the Middle Eastern Governments: A Review.- 8. Entrepreneurial Ecosystem and Performance in Ira.- 9. Entrepreneurial ecosystems in Arabic countries: a recent overview.- Part II.- Gender and Entrepreneurship in MENA.- 10. Gender and Entrepreneurship: Recent developments in MENA (Middle East and North Africa).- 11. Explaining the Gender Gap in Entrepreneurial Propensity.- 12. Insights from female entrepreneurs in MENA countries: barriers and success factors.- 13. The impact of age and entrepreneurial age-based self-image on entrepreneurial competencies of male and female; evidence of GEM-Iran 2016 data.- 14. The role of culture and gender in e-commerce entrepreneurship: Three Jordan case studies.- 15. Regional Disparities in Entrepreneurship in Turkey with Respect to Gender Using a Regression of Pooling Cross Sections: 2006-2015.- 16. A Study on Micro Women Entrepreneurs in U.A.E.- Part III. Entrepreneurship and Economic Development in MENA.- 17. The Effect of Entrepreneurship on Economic Growth: A Panel Approach in MENA Countries.- 18. The Innovation-based Competitive Advantage in Oman’s Transition to Knowledge–Based Economy: Dynamics of Innovation for Promotion of Entrepreneurship.- 19. Dynamics of Entrepreneurship in Egypt: Assessing the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Can Entrepreneurship Contribute to the Economic Development in Egypt?.- 20. Lessons from Abu Dhabi: The Road towards an Innovative Entrepreneurial Economy.- Part IV.- SMEs in MENA.- 21. Effectuation, Causation and the revised Uppsala Model: A Behavioral analysis of Iranian SMEs’ internationalization.- 22.Entrepreneurial competencies of SME owners: A comparative exploratory analysis between Iran and Italy.- 23. Management of Innovation in Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA).Part V. A comparative Study on the State of Women Entrepreneurship in the ECO Region: Women Entrepreneurial Intentions and Motivations in Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey.- 24.Business Environment in the Three Countries.- 25. Women Entrepreneurship in Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey, Based on GEM Data.- 26. Do Financial, Human, Social and Cultural Capital Matter?.- 27. Female Entrepreneurship, Internationalization, and Trade Liberalization in Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey.- 28. Conclusion and Recommendations.
