Energy, Poverty, and Development

Incredibly, close to one-quarter of humanity lives without electricity or other modern forms of energy, while as many as one-third of the world’s population relies (at least in part) on traditional biofuels, such as cow dung or firewood, at great cost to its health, security, and economic welfare. Although these stark facts have only recently been fully acknowledged, energy deprivation is a major obstacle to development efforts around the world, especially—though not exclusively—in the ‘Bottom Billion’ economies of sub-Saharan Africa and developing Asia. Indeed, sustainable development cannot succeed without a robust energy-access component. Furthermore, this is not just a ghastly problem for the poor, but rather a global concern. Energy deprivation is a leading contributor to disease epidemics, social discontent, political unrest, and environmental instability—it gravely threatens the ‘energy-haves’ as well as the ‘have-nots’. Research in and around energy, poverty, and development is now flourishing. But much of the relevant literature remains inaccessible or is highly specialized and compartmentalized, so that it is difficult for many of those who are interested in the subject to obtain an informed, balanced, and comprehensive overview. This new four-volume collection from Routledge’s acclaimed series, Critical Concepts in Development Studies, meets the need for a reference work to make sense of the subject’s vast and dispersed literature. The collection includes a full index and is supplemented by a newly written introduction, which places the gathered materials in their historical and intellectual context. Energy, Poverty, and Development is an essential reference work which will be valued as a vital resource by students, academics, policy-makers, and practitioners.

Volume I: Benefits of Energy Access 1. World Bank, Meeting the Challenge for Rural Energy and Development (World Bank, 1996), pp. 1–10. 3. José Goldemberg, Amulya K. N. Reddy, Kirk R. Smith, and Robert H. Williams, ‘Rural Energy in Developing Countries’, World Energy Assessment: Energy and the Challenge of Sustainability (2000), pp. 368–89. 4. International Energy Agency, United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Energy Poverty: How to Make Modern Energy Access Universal? (OECD, 2010). 5. Practical Action, Poor People’s Energy Outlook 2010 (Practical Action Publishing), pp. v–vi, 1–36. 6. ‘Economics of Wood Energy’, State of the World’s Forests 2005 (Food and Agricultural Organization, 2005), pp. 98–107. 7. Adrián Ghilardi, Tuyeni Mwampamba, and Gautam Dutt, ‘What Role Will Charcoal Play in the Coming Decades? Insights from Up-to-Date Findings and Reviews’, Energy for Sustainable Development, 2013, 17, 73–4. 8. Evan Mills, ‘The Specter of Fuel-Based Lighting’, Science, 27 May 2005, 308, 1263–4. 9. ‘Designing a National Electrification Program for Universal Access’ and ‘Electricity Access: Delivering Results on the Ground’, in D. Ostojic et al., One Goal, Two Paths: Achieving Universal Access to Modern Energy in East Asia and the Pacific (World Bank Group, Sept. 2011). 10. Annemarije Dijk, L. Jooijman-van, and J. Clancy, ‘Impacts of Electricity Access to Rural Enterprises in Bolivia, Tanzania, and Vietnam’, Energy for Sustainable Development, Mar. 2010, 14, 1, 14–21. 11. Douglas Barnes and Gerald Foley, Rural Electrification in the Developing World: A Summary of Lessons from Successful Programs (Joint UNDP/World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme (ESMAP) Report, World Bank, Dec. 2004). 12. Giri Venkataramanan and Chris Marnay, ‘A Larger Role for Microgrids’, IEEE Power & Energy, May/June 2008, 78–82. 13. Daniel M. Kammen, ‘The Challenge of Making Reliable Carbon Abatement Estimates: The Case of Diesel Microgrids’, Sapiens, 2012, 5, 1, 1–9. 14. Daniel M. Kammen and William F. Lankford, ‘Cooking in the Sunshine’, Nature, 1990, 348, 385–6. 15. ‘Modern Cooking Solutions: The Way Forward’, in D. Ostojic et al., One Goal, Two Paths: Achieving Universal Access to Modern Energy in East Asia and the Pacific (World Bank Group, Sept. 2011). 16. ‘Meeting the MDGs: The Energy Challenge’ and ‘Energy and the MDGs’, in V. Modi, S. McDade, D. Lallement, and J. Saghir, Energy Services for the Millennium Development Goals (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ World Bank and United Nations Development Programme, 2005). 17. World Health Organization, Fuel for Life: Household Energy and Health (2006). 18. ‘Introduction to Gender and Energy’, United Nations Development Program, Gender and Energy Toolkit (Dec. 2004). 19. Jennifer Burneya, Lennart Woltering, Marshall Burke, Rosamond Naylora, and Dov Pasternak, ‘Solar-Powered Drip Irrigation Enhances Food Security in the Sudano-Sahel’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (forthcoming). 20. M. Bazilian and R. Pielke, Jr. ‘Making Energy Access Meaningful’, Issues in Science and Technology, Summer 2013, 74–9. 21. Lakshman Guruswamy, ‘Energy Poverty’, Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 2011, 36, 139–61. Volume II: Regional and Country Profiles 22. Youba Sokona, Yacob Mulugetta, Haruna Gujba, ‘Widening Energy Access in Africa: Towards Energy Transition’, Energy Policy, 2012, 47, 3–10. 23. Gisela Prasad, ‘Improving Access to Energy in Sub-Saharan Africa’, Current Opinion in Energy Systems, 2011, 3, 248–53. 24. Asian Development Bank, ‘Asia’s Energy Challenge: Critical Energy Needs for the Asian Century’, Asian Development Outlook (Manila: Asian Development Bank, 2013), pp. 53–118. 25. D. Palit and A. Chaurey, 2011. ‘Off-grid rural Electrification Experiences from South Asia: Status and Best Practices’, Energy for Sustainable Development, 2011, 15, 266–76. 26. United Nations Development Program, Energy Poverty in the Pacific Island Countries: Challenges and the Way Forward (UNDP/APRC, 2007). 27. United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean and UNDP, Contribution of Energy Services to the Millennium Development Goals and to Poverty Alleviation in Latin America and the Caribbean (2009). 28. Laura El-Katiri, ‘Energy Poverty in the Middle East and North Africa’, in Antoine Halff, Benjamin Sovacool, and Jon Rozhon (eds.) Energy Poverty (Oxford University Press, 2014). 29. Sk Noim Uddin and Ros Taplin, ‘Toward Sustainable Energy Development in Bangladesh’, Journal of Environment Development, 2008, 17, 292. 30. Bo Kong, ‘Governing China’s Energy in the Context of Global Governance’, Global Policy, Sept. 2011, 2, 51–65. 31. Yacob Mulugetta, ‘Human Capacity and Institutional Development Towards a Sustainable Energy Future in Ethiopia’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2008, 12, 1435–50. 32. Navroz K. Dubash, ‘From Norm Taker to Norm Maker? Indian Energy Governance in Global Context’, Global Policy, Sept. 2011, 2, 66–79. 33. B. P. Resosudarmo, A. Alisjahbana, and D. A. Nurdianto, ‘Energy Security in Indonesia’, Energy Security in the Era of Climate Change (Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), pp. 161–79. 34. Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis, A Comprehensive Study and Analysis on Energy Consumption Patterns in Kenya (July 2010) (extracts). 35. Michael Watts, ‘Resource Curse? Governmentality, Oil, and Power in the Niger Delta, Nigeria’, Geopolitics, 2004, 9, 1, 50–80. 36. Kevin Punzalan, ‘Energy Security in the Philippines: Challenges and Opportunities’, in Zha Daojiong (ed.), Managing Regional Energy Vulnerabilities in East Asia (Routledge, 2013), pp. 171–87. Volume III: Barriers, Challenges, and Failures 37. K. Riahi, F. Dentener, D. Gielen, A. Grubler, J. Jewell, Z. Klimont, V. Krey, D. McCollum, S. Pachauri, S. Rao, B. van Ruijven, D. P. van Vuuren, and C. Wilson, ‘Energy Pathways for Sustainable Development’, Global Energy Assessment: Toward a Sustainable Future (Cambridge University Press and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, 2012), pp. 1260–7. 38. J. P. Painuly, ‘Barriers to Renewable Energy Penetration: A Framework for Analysis’, Renewable Energy, 2001, 24, 73–89. 39. Mark I. Howells, Sandra Jonsson, Emilia Kack, Philip Lloyd, Kevin Bennett, Tony Leiman, and Beatrice Conradie, ‘Calabashes for Kilowatt-hours: Rural Energy and Market Failure’, Energy Policy, 2010, 38, 2729–38. 40. James T. Murphy, ‘Making the Energy Transition in Rural East Africa: Is Leapfrogging an Alternative?’, Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 2001, 68, 173–93. 41. ‘Barriers and Impediments’, United Nations Development Program, Achieving Sustainable Energy for All in the Asia-Pacific (UNDP/APRC, 2013). 42. Eric Martinot and Kilian Reiche, Regulatory Approaches to Rural Electrification and Renewable Energy: Case Studies from Six Developing Countries (World Bank Working Paper, June 2000). 43. B. K. Sovacool, S. Dhakal, O. Gippner, and M. J. Bambawale, ‘Halting Hydro: A Review of the Socio-Technical Barriers to Hydroelectric Power Plants in Nepal’, Energy, May 2011, 36, 5, 3468–76. 44. Francisco P Bernardo and Gregorio U. Kilayko, ‘Promoting Rural Energy Technology: The Case of Gasifiers in the Philippines’, World Development, 1990, 18, 4, 565–74. 45. M. Landi, B. K. Sovacool, and J. Eidsness, ‘Cooking with Gas: Policy Lessons from Rwanda’s National Domestic Biogas Program (NDBP)’, Energy for Sustainable Development, Aug. 2013, 17, 4, 347–56. 46. Donna Green ‘Thailand’s Solar White Elephants: An Analysis of 15 Years of Solar-Battery Charging Programmes in Northern Thailand’, Energy Policy, 2004, 32, 747–60. 47. B. K. Sovacool, A. L. D’Agostino, and M. J. Bambawale, ‘The Socio-Technical Barriers to Solar Home Systems (SHS) in Papua New Guinea: "Choosing Pigs, Prostitutes, and Poker Chips Over Panels"’, Energy Policy, Mar. 2011, 39, 3, 1532–42. 48. Omar R. Masera

Benjamin K. Sovacool, Director of the Danish Center for Energy Technology, AU-Herning, Denmark; Professor of Social Sciences at the School of Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Denmark; and Director of the Energy Security and Justice Program at the Institute for Energy and the Environment, Vermont Law School, USA.