Elements of Power Systems

Elements of Power Systems prepares students for engineering degrees, diplomas, Associate Member of the Institution of Engineers (AMIE) examinations, or corresponding examinations in electrical power systems. Complete with case studies, worked examples, and circuit schematic diagrams, this comprehensive text: Provides a solid understanding of the theoretical aspects of power system engineering Instills a practical knowledge of large-scale power system analysis techniques Covers load characteristics, tariffs, power system stability, and more Elements of Power Systems is designed as an undergraduate-level textbook, but the book also makes a handy reference for practicing power engineers.

IntroductoryIntroductionSignificance of Electrical EnergyBasic Concepts of Power SystemSingle-Line Diagram of a Power Supply NetworkDifferent Types of Energy Sources Per-Unit SystemsIntroductionPer-Unit Representation of Basic Electrical QuantitiesChange of BasePer-Unit Quantities in a Three-Phase SystemBase Quantities in Terms of kV and MVAPer-Unit Impedance of a TransformerAdvantages of pu RepresentationWorked Examples Load CharacteristicsIntroductionLoadVariable LoadConnected LoadDemandDemand IntervalMaximum Demand or Peak LoadDemand FactorAverage Load or Average DemandLoad FactorDiversity FactorPlant Capacity FactorPlant Use FactorUnits Generated Per AnnumLoss FactorLoad CurvesInformation Obtained From Load CurvesLoad Duration CurveInformation Available From Load Duration CurveWorked Examples TariffsIntroductionObjectives of TariffDesirable Characteristics of a TariffTypes of TariffWorked Examples Mechanical Design of Overhead LineIntroductionConductor MaterialLine SupportsIndian Electricity Rules (1956) for Overhead LinesSag in Overhead LinesCalculation of SagSag TemplateStringing ChartWorked Examples Overhead Line InsulatorsIntroductionInsulator MaterialsTypes of InsulatorsPotential Distribution over Suspension Insulator StringString EfficiencyMathematical ExpressionMethods of Improving String EfficiencyEffects of Rain on the String EfficiencyWorked Examples CoronaIntroductionThe Phenomenon of CoronaTheory of Corona FormationFactors Affecting CoronaAdvantages of CoronaDisadvantagesMethods of Reducing Corona EffectCritical Disruptive VoltageVisual Critical VoltagePower Loss Due to CoronaRadio InterferenceInductive Interference between Power and Communication LinesWorked Examples Transmission Line ParametersIntroductionLine InductanceFlux Linkage Due to a Single Current-Carrying ConductorInductance of a Single-Phase Two-Wire LineFlux Linkages of One Conductor in a Group of ConductorsInductance of Three-Phase Overhead Line with Unsymmetrical SpacingInductance of Three-Phase Line with More than One CircuitCapacitancePotential at a Charged Single ConductorSystem of ConductorsCapacitance of a Single-Phase Two-Wire LineCapacitance of a Three-Phase Overhead LinesEffect of Earth on the Transmission Line CapacitanceBundled ConductorSkin EffectProximity EffectWorked Examples Performance of Transmission LinesIntroductionClassification of Lines Performance of Single-Phase Short Transmission LineShort Three-Phase LineTransmission Line as Two Port NetworkLine RegulationLine EfficiencyPerformance of Medium Transmission LineCalculation of Transmission Efficiency and Regulation of Medium LineLong Transmission LineEvaluation of ABCD ConstantsFerranti EffectABCD ConstantsWorked Examples Underground CablesIntroductionInsulating Materials for CablesConstruction of CablesClassification of CableCables for Three-Phase ServiceLaying of Underground CablesInsulation Resistance of a Single-Core CableCapacitance of a Single-Core CableDielectric Stress in a Single-Core CableMost Economical Conductor Size in a CableGrading of CablesCapacitance in a Three-Core-Belted CableMeasurement of Cc and Cs Current-Carrying CapacityThermal ResistanceThermal Resistance of Dielectric of a Single-Core CableTypes of Cable FaultsLoop Tests for Location of Faults in Underground CablesWorked Examples Distribution SystemIntroductionClassification of Distribution SystemsDC DistributionConnection Schemes of Distribution System Types of DC Distributors DC Distribution CalculationsDC Distributor Fed at One End—Concentrated LoadingDC Distributor Fed at One End—Uniformly LoadedDistributor Fed at Both Ends—Concentrated LoadingDistributor Fed at Both Ends—Uniformly LoadedRing DistributorRing Main Distributor with InterconnectorAC DistributionAC Distribution CalculationMethods of Solving AC Distribution ProblemsWorked Examples Fault AnalysisIntroductionClassification of FaultsSymmetrical Component MethodSignificance of Positive-, Negative-, and Zero-Sequence ComponentsOperator (a)Voltage of the NeutralSequence Network EquationsSequence Impedances of Power System ElementsAnalysis of Unsymmetrical FaultsSingle Line-to-Ground Fault (L-G)Line-to-Line FaultDouble Line-to-Ground FaultL-L-L Fault/Three-Phase Fault/Symmetrical FaultWorked Examples Circuit BreakersIntroductionDifference between CB and FuseOperating Principle of CB Arc PhenomenonPrinciples of Arc ExtinctionMethods of Arc ExtinctionSome Important DefinitionsExpression for Restriking Voltage TransientsCurrent ChoppingResistance SwitchingCB RatingsAutoreclosingClassification of CBsOil CBsTypes of Oil CBsPlain-Break Oil CBsArc Control Oil CBs Low-Oil CBs Maintenance of Oil CBsAir-Blast CBsTypes of Air-Blast CBVacuum CBsSF6 CBsHigh-Voltage DC CBWorked Examples Different Types of RelaysIntroductionEssential Qualities of ProtectionClassification of RelayBasic Relay TerminologyZones of ProtectionPrimary and Backup ProtectionClassification of Protective SchemeConstruction and Operating Principles of RelayOvercurrent ProtectionTime–Current CharacteristicsCurrent SettingPlug Setting MultiplierTime Multiplier SettingOvercurrent Protection SchemeDirectional Power or Reverse Power RelayDirectional Overcurrent RelayProtection of Parallel FeederProtection of Ring MainsEarth Fault Protection SchemeDistance Protection SchemeImpedance RelayReactance Relaymho Type Distance RelayUniversal Torque EquationDifferential RelaysSimple Differential RelayPercentage Differential RelayBalanced Voltage Differential RelayTranslay RelayWorked Examples Protection of Alternator and TransformersIntroductionProtection of AlternatorsStator ProtectionRotor ProtectionMiscellaneousTransformer ProtectionPercentage Differential ProtectionOverheating ProtectionRate of Rise of Pressure RelayOvercurrent ProtectionOverfluxing ProtectionEarth Fault ProtectionBuchholz RelayGenerator-Transformer Unit ProtectionWorked Examples Travelling WaveIntroductionSurge Impedance and Velocity of PropagationReflection and Refraction of WavesReceiving End Transmission Operating on No-Load ConditionReceiving End Operating on Short Circuit ConditionReflection and Refraction at a T-JunctionWorked Examples EarthingIntroductionObjects of EarthingClassification of EarthingIsolated Neutral or Undergrounded NeutralAdvantages of Neutral GroundingMethods of Neutral GroundingWorked Examples SubstationIntroductionSubstationClassification of SubstationsComparison between Outdoor and Indoor SubstationsTransformer SubstationsEquipment in a Transformer SubstationBus-Bar Arrangements in SubstationsKey Diagram of 11 kV/400 V Indoor Substation Power System StabilityIntroductionStability Limits and Power Transmission CapabilityInfinite BusSynchronous Generator Connected to an Infinite BusPowers-Angle CurvePower Angle Relations for General Network ConfigurationSteady-State Stability CriterionTransient Stability Swing EquationSwing CurvesM and H ConstantsEquivalent SystemEquivalent M Constant of Two MachinesEqual-Area Criterion of StabilitySystem Fault and Subsequent Circuit IsolationMethods of Improving StabilityWorked Examples Load FlowsIntroductionBus ClassificationBus Admittance MatrixDevelopment of Static Load Flow EquationGauss–Seidel Iterative TechniqueGS Method of Solution of Load Flow Equation using YbusNewton–Raphson Method for Load Flow SolutionComparison of Load Flow Analysis MethodsWorked Examples

Pradip Kumar Sadhu holds bachelor, post-graduate, and Ph.D degrees in electrical engineering from Jadavpur University, West Bengal, India. Dr. Sadhu has 18 years of experience in teaching and industry. Currently, he is a professor and head of the Electrical Engineering Department of the Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, where he has guided a large number of doctoral candidates and M.Tech students. He holds four patents, has been published in several national and international journals and conference proceedings, and is principal investigator of a number of government-funded projects. Soumya Das holds a B.Tech from the West Bengal University of Technology and an ME from Jadavpur University, West Bengal, India. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D with the Department of Electrical Engineering at the Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad. He is also an assistant professor in the Electrical Engineering Department of the University Institute of Technology, Burdwan University, West Bengal, India, where he has guided a large number of B.Tech and M.Tech students. Previously, he was an assistant professor in the Electrical Engineering Department at the Bengal Institute of Technology and Management, Santiniketan, India.