Elements of Heat Transfer

Written for chemical, mechanical, and aerospace engineering students taking courses on heat and mass transfer, this textbook presents the basics and proceeds to the required theory and its application aspects. Major topics covered include conduction, convection, radiation, boiling, heat exchangers, and mass transfer and are explained in a detailed, to the point manner. Along with coverage of the topics, the author provides appropriate numerical examples to clarify theory and concepts. Exercise problems are presented at the end of each chapter to test the understanding gained within each subject. A solutions manual and PowerPoint slides accompany the text, upon qualification.

1 Basic Concepts and Definitions1.1 Introduction1.1.1 Driving Potential1.2 Dimensions and Units1.2.1 Dimensional Homogeneity1.3 Closed and Open Systems1.3.1 Closed System (ControlMass)1.3.2 Isolated System1.3.3 Open System (ControlVolume)1.4 Forms of Energy1.4.1 Internal Energy1.5 Properties of a System1.5.1 Intensive and Extensive Properties1.6 State and Equilibrium1.7 Thermal and Calorical Properties1.7.1 Specific Heat of an Incompressible Substance1.7.2 Thermally Perfect Gas 1.8 The Perfect Gas1.9 Summary1.10 Exercise ProblemsConduction Heat Transfer2.1 Introduction2.2 Conduction Heat Transfer in a Stationary Medium2.2.1 Energy Flux by Conduction2.3 Thermal Conductivity2.4 Boundary and Initial Conditions 2.5 Summary2.6 Exercise Problems3 One-Dimensional, Steady-State Conduction3.1 Introduction3.2 Steady-State Conduction in a Plane Wall3.2.1 Thermal Resistance3.3 Heat Conduction across a Cylindrical Shell3.3.1 Critical Thickness of Insulation 3.4 Steady Conduction in a Spherical Shell3.4.1 Critical Thickness of Insulation for a Spherical Shell 3.5 Heat Transfer from Extended Surface3.5.1 Fins3.5.2 Infinitely Long Fin3.5.3 Fin Efficiency or Fin Effectiveness3.6 The Conduction Shape Factor 3.7 Summary3.8 Exercise ProblemsUnsteady Heat Conduction4.1 Introduction4.2 Transient Conduction in an Infinite Wall4.2.1 The Dimensionless Groups4.2.2 Transient Heating of Bodies with Negligible Internal Resistance4.3 Lumped System Analysis4.3.1 Convection Boundary Condition 4.3.2 Criteria for Lumped System Analysis4.3.3 Penetration Depth-Significance of Thermal Diffusivity4.3.4 Surface Heat Flux from a Semi-Infinite Solid 4.3.5 The Significance of Thermal Diffusivity a4.4 Multidimensional Systems 4.5 Product Solution 4.5.1 The Concept of Product Solution4.6 Summary4.7 Exercise Problems Convective Heat Transfer 5.1 Introduction5.2 The Convection Boundary Layers 5.3 The Convection Heat Transfer Equations 5.3.1 The Velocity Boundary Layer 5.3.2 Thermal Boundary Layer5.4 Approximation and Special Conditions5.5 Solving Convection Problems 5.5.1 Similarity Parameters in Heat Transfer5.6 Boundary Layer Similarity Parameters5.7 Physical Significance of Dimensionless Parameters5.8 Boundary Layer Concepts 5.9 Thermal Boundary Layer for Flow Past a Heated Plate 5.9.1 Turbulent Flow 5.9.2 Transition Flow5.10 Free Convection 5.10.1 Local Nusselt Number 5.10.2 Free Convection Correlations 5.11 Free Convection on Vertical Planes and Cylinders 5.11.1 UniformWall Temperature 5.11.2 UniformWall Heat Flux 5.12 Free Convection on a Horizontal Plate5.12.1 Effects of Turbulence 5.13 Free Convection fromInclined Surfaces5.13.1 Free Convection on Inclined Cylinders 5.13.2 Free Convection on a Sphere 5.13.3 Simplified Equations for Air 5.14 Free Convection in Enclosed Spaces 5.14.1 Correlation for Free Convection in Enclosed Spaces 5.14.2 Vertical Layer5.14.3 Inclined Layer5.14.4 Horizontal Cylindrical Annulus 5.14.5 Spherical Annulus 5.14.6 Non-Newtonian Fluids 5.14.7 Combined Natural and Forced Convection 5.15 Vortex behind a Circular Cylinder 5.15.1 Drag Coefficient 5.15.2 Variation of h around a Cylinder 5.16 Flow Past a Noncircular Cylinder 5.17 Flow Past a Sphere 5.17.1 Drag Coefficient 5.17.2 Heat Transfer Coefficient 5.18 Flow across a Bundle of Tubes 5.18.1 Heat Transfer Correlations 5.18.2 Pressure Drop Correlations 5.18.3 Liquid Metals 5.19 Heat Transfer in High-Speed Flow over a Flat Plate 5.20 Summary5.21 Exercise Problems6 Radiation Heat Transfer6.1 Introduction 6.2 Radiation Mechanism 6.3 Radiation Parameters6.3.1 Properties of Surfaces6.4 The Greenhouse Effect6.4.1 Blackbody Radiation 6.4.2 Emissive Power6.5 The View or Configuration Factor 6.5.1 View Factor Relation 6.6 Blackbody Radiation Exchange 6.7 Radiation Exchange in an Enclosure 6.7.1 Net Radiation Exchange at a Surface6.7.2 Radiation Exchange between Surfaces6.7.3 Two-Surface Enclosure 6.8 Radiation Shields 6.8.1 Radiating Surface 6.9 Limitations 6.10 Gas Radiation6.11 Radiation from Real Surfaces 6.12 Solar Radiation6.13 Radiation Properties of the Environment 6.14 Radiation Absorption in Water6.15 Radiation Effect on Temperature Measurement6.16 Radiation Heat Transfer Coefficient 6.17 Summary 6.18 Exercise Problems 7 Mass Transfer7.1 Introduction7.2 Mass Transfer Process7.3 Fick’s Law of Diffusion7.4 Species Conservation Equation 7.5 Steady-State Diffusion in Dilute Solutions in Stationary Media 7.6 Transient Diffusion in Dilute Solution in Stationary Media 7.7 Diffusion in a Semi-Infinite Slab 7.8 Diffusion in Nondilute Gases 7.9 Convective Mass Transfer 7.10 Counterdiffusion in Gases7.11 Evaporation of Water7.12 Summary7.13 Exercise Problems 8 Boiling and Condensation 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Boiling Heat Transfer8.2.1 Pool Boiling8.3 Heat Transfer Correlations in Pool Boiling8.4 Peak Heat Flux8.5 Minimum Heat Flux8.6 Film Boiling8.7 Flow Boiling 8.8 Condensation Heat Transfer 8.9 Film Condensation 8.9.1 Flow Regimes 8.9.2 Flow Condensation Heat Transfer Correlations 8.10 Wavy Laminar Flow over a Vertical Plate8.11 Turbulent Flow on Vertical Plates8.11.1 Inclined Plate8.11.2 Vertical Tubes8.11.3 Horizontal Tubes and Spheres 8.11.4 Horizontal Tube Banks8.12 Film Condensation inside Horizontal Tubes8.13 Dropwise Condensation8.14 Summary 8.15 Exercise Problems 9 Heat Exchangers9.1 Introduction 9.2 Types of Heat Exchangers9.3 The OverallHeat Transfer Coefficient 9.4 Fouling Factors 9.5 Heat Exchanger Performance9.6 Log Mean Temperature Difference Method 9.6.1 Counter-FlowHeat Exchanger 9.6.2 Multipass and Cross-Flow Heat Exchanger 9.7 The Effective-NTU Method 9.7.1 Use of _-NTU Relations for Rating and Sizing of Heat Exchangers 9.8 Compact Heat Exchangers 9.9 Analysis for Variable Properties 9.10 Boilers and Condensers 9.11 Selection of Heat Exchangers 9.11.1 Heat Transfer Rate 9.11.2 Cost 9.11.3 Size and Weight 9.11.4 Pumping Power 9.11.5 Materials9.12 Summary9.13 Exercise ProblemsAppendixIndex