Electrochemical Supercapacitors for Energy Storage and Delivery Fundamentals and Applications

Although recognized as an important component of all energy storage and conversion technologies, electrochemical supercapacitators (ES) still face development challenges in order to reach their full potential. A thorough examination of development in the technology during the past decade, Electrochemical Supercapacitors for Energy Storage and Delivery: Fundamentals and Applications provides a comprehensive introduction to the ES from technical and practical aspects and crystallization of the technology, detailing the basics of ES as well as its components and characterization techniques. The book illuminates the practical aspects of understanding and applying the technology within the industry and provides sufficient technical detail of newer materials being developed by experts in the field which may surface in the future. The book discusses the technical challenges and the practical limitations and their associated parameters in ES technology. It also covers the structure and options for device packaging and materials choices such as electrode materials, electrolyte, current collector, and sealants based on comparison of available data. Supplying an in depth understanding of the components, design, and characterization of electrochemical supercapacitors, the book has wide-ranging appeal to industry experts and those new to the field. It can be used as a reference to apply to current work and a resource to foster ideas for new devices that will further the technology as it becomes a larger part of main stream energy storage.

Fundamentals of Electric CapacitorsIntroductionElectric Charge, Electric Field, and Electric Potential and Their Implications for Capacitor Cell VoltageCapacitance Definition and CalculationCapacitor Charging and Recharging ProcessesEnergy Storage in CapacitorCapacitor Containing Electrical Circuits and Corresponding CalculationTypes and Structures of CapacitorsSummaryReferences Fundamentals of Electrochemical Double Layer SupercapacitorsIntroductionElectrode and Electrolyte Interfaces and Their CapacitancesElectrode Potential and Double Layer Potential Windows Using Different Electrode Materials and ElectrolytesCapacitance of Porous Carbon MaterialsElectrochemical Double Layer SupercapacitorsEnergy and Power Densities of Electrochemical SupercapacitorsSupercapacitor StackingDouble Layer Supercapacitors versus BatteriesApplications of SupercapacitorsSummaryReferences Fundamentals of Electrochemical PseudocapacitorsIntroductionElectrochemical Pseudocapacitance of Electrode–Electrolyte InterfaceElectrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Equivalent CircuitsMaterials, Electrodes, and Cell DesignsSummaryReferences Components and Materials for Electrochemical SupercapacitorsIntroductionAnode and Cathode Structures and MaterialsElectrolyte Structures and MaterialsSeparator StructuresCurrent CollectorsSealantsSummaryReferences Electrochemical Supercapacitor Design, Fabrication, and OperationIntroduction Design ConsiderationsSingle Cell ManufacturingSupercapacitor Stack Manufacturing and ConstructionVoltage Cell BalancingCell Aging and Voltage DecaySelf DischargingPatent ReviewMajor Commercial ES ProductsSummaryReferences Coupling with Batteries and Fuel CellsIntroductionCoupling ES Systems with Other Energy DevicesHybrid SystemsSupercapacitor Integration with BatteriesSupercapacitor Integration with Fuel CellsSystem Modeling and Optimization Improving Dynamic Response and Transient StabilitySummaryReferences Characterization and Diagnosis Techniques for Electrochemical SupercapacitorsIntroductionElectrochemical Cell Design and FabricationCyclic Voltammetry (CV)Charging–Discharging CurveElectrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)Physical Characterization of Supercapacitor MaterialsBrunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) MethodSummaryReferences Applications of Electrochemical SupercapacitorsIntroductionPower ElectronicsMemory ProtectionBattery EnhancementPortable Energy SourcesPower Quality ImprovementAdjustable Speed Drives (ASDs)High Power Sensors and ActuatorsHybrid Electric VehiclesRenewable and Off-Peak Energy StorageMilitary and Aerospace ApplicationsSummaryReferences Perspectives and ChallengesIntroductionMarket ChallengesElectrode Material ChallengesElectrolyte InnovationsDevelopment of Computational ToolsFuture Perspectives and Research DirectionsReferencesIndex

Aiping Yu is an assistant professor at the University of Waterloo in Canada. She earned her PhD from the University of California– Riverside. Her research interests are materials and modeling development for energy storage and conversion, photocatalysts, and nanocomposites. Dr. Yu has published over 35 papers in peer-reviewed journals such as Science and one book chapter relating to supercapacitors. She currently is the editorial member of the Nature: Scientific Reports. Her work has been featured by major media such as Nature: Nanotechnology, Photonics.com, and Azonano.com. Her patent for graphene nanomaterials has been licensed to a company in San Jose. Victor Chabot received his bachelor's degree in nanoengineering from the University of Waterloo and currently is pursuing his graduate degree in chemical engineering at the University of Waterloo. His research focuses on nanomaterial development for high energy density supercapacitors. Jiujun Zhang is a principal research officer and technical leader at the National Research Council of Canada’s Institute for Fuel Cell Innovation (NRC-IFCI), now the council's Energy, Mining, and Environment (NRC-EME) portfolio. Dr. Zhang earned a BS and MSc in electrochemistry from Peking University in 1982 and 1985, respectively, and a PhD in electrochemistry from Wuhan University in 1988. After completing his doctorate, he took a position as an associate professor at the Huazhong Normal University for 2 years. Starting in 1990, he carried out three terms of postdoctoral research at the California Institute of Technology, York University, and the University of British Columbia. Dr. Zhang has over 28 years of research and development experience in theoretical and applied electrochemistry, 14 of which were spent working on fuel cells at Ballard Power Systems and at NRC-IFCI. He also spent 3 years researching electrochemical sensors. Dr. Zhang holds adjunct professorships at the University of Waterloo, the University of British Columbia, and at Peking University. To date, Dr. Zhang has co-authored or edited more than 300 publications including 190 refereed journal papers with approximately 4,700 citations, books, conference proceeding papers, book chapters, and 50 conference and invited oral presentations. He also holds over 10 patents worldwide along with 9 U.S. patent publications and has produced more than 80 industrial technical reports. Dr. Zhang serves as an editor or editorial board member for several international journals and is also the editor for CRC's Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion series of books. Dr. Zhang is an active member of the Electrochemical Society, the International Society of Electrochemistry and the American Chemical Society.