Contextualizing Sectarianism in the Middle East and South Asia Identity, Competition and Conflict

States across the Muslim world are faced with challenges associated with a perpetual cycle of conflict and violence organized along sectarian lines. To understand modern-day sectarianism, it is essential to move beyond explanations that focus predominantly on ancient Sunni-Shia animosities or a singular lens. It is important to engage in interdisciplinary and multidirectional examinations to better understand how sectarianism is strategically utilized by political entrepreneurs. Moreover, while religious identities and how individuals define themselves and their communities are important, it is also integral to analyze how identity has been utilized in historical and contemporary political contexts on state and non-state levels. This volume seeks to fill gaps in understanding the complexities associated with sectarianism through a transnational interdisciplinary analytical framework to enhance understanding of the socio-political, religio-political, cultural and security landscapes of the Middle East and South Asia. It also challenges narratives regarding sectarian divisions between Sunnis and Shias and deconstructs popular misconceptions about sectarianism, its spatial and temporal impact, as well as its influence on identities, conflict, and competition. The volume will be of interest to scholars and researchers of the Middle East and South Asia, and those interested in history, politics, international relations, international security, religion, and sociology.

Introduction: Untangling the Complexities of Sectarianism and Moving BeyondMisconceptions Satgin Hamrah 1.Unravelling Sectarianism in South Asia Ayesha Jalal 2.The Ahmadiyya Muslim Communitys Identity as the True Islam through its Exclusion Misbah Hyder 3.Understanding the Long-term Impact of Mobilizing Militant Islamists in the Soviet-Afghan War: Strategies of the United States, Saudi Arabia and Iran Satgin Hamrah 4.Advice Columnists in Egypt: Envisioning the Good Life in an Era of Extremism Andrea B. Rugh 5.Sectarianisms Ambiguity: Lebanon as a Case Study, 1843-1958 Brittney Giardina 6.Falling Together: Identity and the Military in Fragmented Societies Dylan Maguire 7.Accidentally Accelerating Sectarianism: Elections and the U.S. Role in the Iraqi Civil War Frank Sobchak 8.Contextualization of Sectarian Conflict and Violence in Iraq: The Intersection of Identity, Power and Conflict Satgin Hamrah 9.Sectarianism and Counterterrorism: Explaining the Silent Space between Policy and Practice Heidi Lane 10.Old Stately Friends, New Sectarian Foes: The Modern Saudi-Iranian Roots in Shia-Sunni Sectarianism Pouya Alimagham Conclusion: The Contextualization of Sectarianism: The Role of Identity, Money and Competition Ibrahim Warde

Satgin Hamrah is a PhD Candidate in History at Tufts University, where she focuses on the Middle East, South Asia, the Iran-Iraq War, sectarianism, and Islamism, as well as state and non-state conflict and violence. She also focuses on the intersection of identity, memory, trauma and politics on local and transnational levels within the framework of her research interests. Hamrah has a Master of Arts degree in International Relations from Boston University, where her thesis focused on offensive strategies to protect critical infrastructure against terrorism. Hamrah also has a Master of Public Administration degree from the University of Southern California, with a focus on international development and state formation of post-Soviet states in the Caspian region during the 1990s with a focus on Azerbaijan. Hamrah was a Doctoral Fellow at The Fares Center for Eastern Mediterranean Studies at the Fletcher School of Law & Diplomacy at Tufts University between September 2016 and October 2018. She is the founder of the Iran-Iraq War Project.