Concise Encyclopedia of Bioresource Technology

An easy-to-use reference source on the applications and management of biotechnology! The Concise Encyclopedia of Bioresource Technology is a unique resource for state-of-the-art research findings on biotechnological innovations and their potential for commercial exploitation. This comprehensive reference gives you immediate access to information on the application of bioresource technology as it relates to industrial, food, and environmental biotechnology. Practitioners, academics, and researchers representing a wide range of disciplines examine vital issues including the production and applications of microbial enzymes and organic acids, fermentation, wastewater treatment, and air pollution. The Concise Encyclopedia of Bioresource Technology will bring you up-to-date on advances in the applications and management of bioprocesses, biomass, bioenergy, biological waste treatment, biotransformations, and conversion and production technologies. This vital information has been organized in an easy-to-use format that lets you become familiar with highlights of the most relevant topics and includes photographs, figures, and tables. Issues addressed in the book include: agro-industrial residues for bioprocesses solid-state fermentation for bioconversion of biomass alcoholic fermentation food grade yeast production treatment of industrial effluents anaerobic animal waste environments reactors for wastewater treatment and much more! The Concise Encyclopedia of Bioresource Technology is a vital resource for practitioners, researchers, and academics working in the areas of biotechnology, chemical engineering, resource, energy and conservation sciences, process technology, applied microbiology, and farm and industrial waste technology.

Figures Tables About the Editor Contributors Foreword Preface Part I: Environmental Biotechnology Advances in Biological Wastewater Treatment Introduction Conventional Biological Wastewater Treatment Advanced Wastewater Treatment Nutrients in Wastewater Conclusions Anaerobic Animal-Waste Environments: Salmonella Species Ecology Introduction Salmonella Physiology in the Anaerobic Waste Environment Salmonella Pathogenicity in the Waste Environment Conclusions Biobeneficiation Introduction Possible Mechanisms The Practice Conclusions Biodegradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Introduction Biodegradation of PAHs by Aerobic Bacteria Biodegradation of PAHs by Anaerobic Bacteria Biodegradation of PAHs by Fungi Biodegradation of PAHs by Algae ConclusionsBiofiltration Introduction History of Biofiltration Process Description Mechanism of Biofiltration Microbial Aspects of Biofiltration Biofilter Media Characteristics of an “Ideal” Biofilter Performance Parameters Advantages and Disadvantages of Biofiltration Commercial Application of Biofilters Conclusions Biological Control of Air Pollution Introduction Process Description Process Modeling and Design Operation and Maintenance Conclusions Biomethanogenesis Introduction Biomethanation Plants and Digestors Substrates for Biogas Production Microbiology of Biomethanation Biochemistry of Methane Synthesis Conclusions Bioremediation Introduction Bioremediation Methods Applications of Bioremediation Features of Bioremediation Bioremediation—Success Stories Conclusions Methods for the Biological Treatment of Wastewater Biological Reactors Principles of Biological Treatment Reaction Kinetics Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment Conclusions Membrane Bioreactor Introduction Membrane Bioreactor Systems Conclusions Rotating Biological Contactors Introduction Process Modeling Process Design Nitrification and Denitrification Effect of Temperature Conclusions Trickling Filter Introduction Recirculation Process Microbiology Process Modeling and Design Conclusions Waste Stabilization Ponds Introduction Classification of Pond Systems Conclusions Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion Introduction Biofouling Microorganisms Associated with Corrosion Mechanism of Microbial Corrosion Control and Monitoring of Microbial Corrosion Conclusions Treatment of Industrial Effluents Distillery Effluent Introduction Problems associated with Distillery Effluent Treatment Technologies Bioremediation of Distillery Effluent Recycling Treated Distillery Effluent Conclusions Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent Introduction Procedure of Pulping Bleaching Characteristics of Effluent Problems Related to the Pulp and Paper Industry Environmental Impact of the Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent Treatment in the Pulp and Paper Mill Conclusions Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater Introduction Chemical Removal Processes Biological Removal Processes Conclusions Tannery Effluent Introduction Leather Industry—World Scenario Tanning Processes Existing Pollution Problems Impacts of Tannery Effluent Pollution Prevention Opportunities Conclusions Textile and Dye Effluent Introduction Physicochemical Processes Biological Treatment Processes Conclusions Part II: Food Biotechnology Biopolymer Application Introduction Starch Cellulose Chitin and Chitosan Other Important Polymers Conclusions Biotransformations of Citrus Flavanone Glycosides Introduction Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Flavanone Glycosides Hydrolysis of the Citrus Flavanone Glycosides Hydrogenation in Basic Medium to Produce Dihydrochalcone Sweeteners Enzymatic Glycosylation and Esterification to Synthesize New Derivatives Fermented Milk Products Introduction Yogurt Dahi or Dadhi Leben and Other Related Products Lactic Beverages New Developments in Fermented Milk Products Functional Dairy Foods Fermented Vegetables Introduction Lactic Acid-Fermented Vegetables Nutritional Value of Lactic Acid-Fermented Vegetables Some Recipes Food Additive Production by Fermentation Introduction Food Additives of Fermentation Origin Conclusions Food-Grade Yeast Production Introduction Yeasts Commercial Food-Grade Yeasts Raw Materials in Food-Grade Yeast Production Stages of Industrial Food-Grade Yeast Production Conclusions Kefir Yeast Technology Introduction Traditional Production of Kefir Grains Morphology of Kefir Grains Composition of Kefir Grains and Kefirlike Cultures Fermentation and Chemical Composition of the Fermented Product Parameters Affecting the Fermentation Kefir Production Preservation of Kefir Grains Kefir Grains and Kefir As Probiotics ConclusionsMolecular Methods for Microbial Detection and Characterization for Food Safety Introduction Detection Characterization Conclusions Mushroom Production Introduction The Mushroom Production Industry: Past and Present Compost-Based Mushroom Production Lignocellulose-Based Mushroom Production Environmental Aspects Conclusions Nutraceutical Production and Use Introduction Mineral Fortification of Foods Nutraceuticals from Plant Sources Fish, Marine, and Dairy Products Herbal Sources Required Characteristics for Nutraceuticals Consumer Concerns and the Future Prebiotics and Probiotics Introduction Importance of Probiotics Probiotic Organisms Desirable Characteristics Benefits of Probiotic Consumption Sources of Prebiotics Model Systems Conclusions Single-Cell Protein Introduction Need for Microbial Protein Production Sources Substrates Nutritional Aspects of SCP Limitations Factors Affecting SCP Production Commercial Production of SCP Alternative Sources of SCP Production Optimum SCP Production Parameters Toxicity Uses of SCP Socioeconomic Problems and Cost Effectiveness Conclusions Vitamin Production by Fermentation Introduction Microbial Production of Vitamins Conclusions Xanthan Gum Production Introduction General Properties Xanthan Gellan Dextran Scleroglucan Biosynthetic Mechanisms and Production Kinetics Fermentation Product Recovery Part III: Industrial Biotechnology Alcoholic Fermentation Bacterial Alcoholic Fermentation Introduction Ethanol by Fermentation Factors Affecting Ethanol Fermentation Kinetics of Ethanol Fermentation Process Improvement Ethanol from Renewable Resources Ethanol As an Automobile Fuel Conclusions Fruit-Based Alcoholic Beverages Quality Factors and Composition of Wines Technology of Fruit Wine Preparation Spoilage of Wine Fruit Brandy: The Technology of Production Conclusions Fuel Ethanol from Renewable Biomass Resources Feedstocks—Introduction Renewable Biomass Materials Used for Ethanol Production Feedstocks—Conclusions Process Strategies—Introduction Processes for Ethanol Production from Sugar Materials Processes for Ethanol Production from Starch and Lignocellulosic Materials Bioreactors Process Strategies—Conclusions Grape-Based Alcoholic Beverages Introduction Table Wines Sparkling Wines Fortified Wines Brandy Wine Use Malted Barley, Scotch Whiskey, and Beer Introduction Malt Production The Malting Process Malt Spirit and Grain Spirit Production Beer Production Conclusions Thermotolerant and Osmotolerant Yeasts for Alcoholic Fermentation Introduction Need for Thermotolerant and Osmotolerant Yeasts in the Ethanol Industry Effect of Temperature on the Growth and Fermentation of Yeasts Media Supplementation for Enhanced Osmotolerance and Thermotolerance Mechanism of Osmotolerance and Thermotolerance Fermentation Abilities of Isolated Osmotolerant and Thermotolerant Yeasts Approaches for Obtaining Novel Thermotolerant and Osmotolerant Yeast Strains with Good Ethanol Yields Conclusions Alkaloids, Aflatoxins, and Other Secondary Metabolites: Production Techniques Introduction Alkaloids Aflatoxins Other Secondary Metabolites Conclusions Amino Acid Production Introduction Production Strains Commercial Need for and Application of Amino Acids Amino Acid Secretion—Physiology and Metabolic Concept Amino Acid Secretion—Mechanisms and Concepts Other Amino Acids Conclusions Antibiotic Pr

Pandey\, Ashok