Biomass, Bioproducts and Biofuels

Due to its depletion and the environmental damage it causes, hydrocarbons are being replaced by energy from renewable sources. One such form of energy source is Biomass. Biomass is a renewable raw material generated by living organisms and found in agricultural waste in large quantities. The three main components of biomass are cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The first two components are sugar polymers, being cellulosic ethanol a desirable goal for converting those. The truth is that the production of cellulosic ethanol has never passed the pilot unit phase, due to the lack of economic competitiveness. New ways must be found to make this viable. From the latest finding of the biomass structure, new biomass processing pathways are being advanced, constituting new biorefinery models, which will make it possible to obtain cellulosic ethanol concomitant with the production of different bioproducts such as xylitol, oligosaccharides, antioxidants and analogues to carbon fiber, etc. Lipid rich biomass is the source of foods oils. With population growth, the amounts of waste volume will increase. It is important to improve the processes of valorization of these residues, through their conversion into alcoholic esters of fatty acids, which can be used as fuel or in other domestic and industrial applications. This volume reviews advances and innovative applications in this field. It will encourage the use of new works and even unpublished works to use biomass or its components for the production of bioproducts and biofuels.

1. Biomass Structure and Disassembling 2. New Uses for Hemicellulose 3. Biomass Delignification with Biomimetic Enzyme Systems 4. Bioproducts Derived from Lignin Obtained from Micro- and Nanocrystalline Cellulose Preparation 5. Carbon Fiber Analogues by Fusion of Biomass Polymers 6. The Methanol/Sulfuric Acid System for Cellulose Saccharification 7. Microalgae Biomass as an Alternative to Fossil Carbons 8. The Phase Inversion in the Preparation of Batch Biodiesel from Triglycerides and Methanol 9. Preparation and use of Biodiesel in a Continuous Process using Alcohol/Water Mixtures

Jorge M. T. B. Varejão is Coordinator Professor and Head of the Department of Exact Sciences at Agrarian School (ESAC)/Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Portugal. He obtained his undergraduate and and MSc degree at The University of Coimbra, Portugal, in the area of organic chemistry synthesis and a PhD degree in Chemistry from The University of Liverpool, United Kingdom. He is a full member of the research center, Center for Natural Resources, Environment and Society CERNAS (FCT), of The Institute for Applied Research (IIa/IPC Coimbra) and a member of the Portuguese Chemistry Society. His research interests are biotechnology, instrumental methods of analysis and their application in the field of biomass, related to food, energy, and bioproducts.