Architecture and the Welfare State

In the decades following World War Two, and in part in response to the Cold War, governments across Western Europe set out ambitious programmes for social welfare and the redistribution of wealth that aimed to improve the everyday lives of their citizens. Many of these welfare state programmes - housing, schools, new towns, cultural andleisure centres – involved not just construction but a new approach to architectural design, in which the welfare objectives of these state-funded programmes were delineated and debated. The impact on architects and architectural design was profound and far-reaching, with welfare state projects moving centre-stage in architectural discourse not just in Europe but worldwide. This is the first book to explore the architecture of the welfare state in Western Europe from an international perspective. With chapters covering Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Sweden and the UK, the book explores the complex role played by architecture in the formation and development of the welfare state in both theory and practice. Themes include: the role of the built environment in the welfare state as a political project the colonial dimension of European welfare state architecture and its ‘export’ to Africa and Asia the role of welfare state projects in promoting consumer culture and economic growth the picture of the collective produced by welfare state architecture the role of architectural innovation in the welfare state the role of the architect, as opposed to construction companies and others, in determining what was built the relationship between architectural and social theory the role of internal institutional critique and the counterculture. Contributors include: Tom Avermaete, Eve Blau, Nicholas Bullock, Miles Glendinning, Janina Gosseye, Hilde Heynen, Caroline Maniaque-Benton, Helena Mattsson, Luca Molinari, Simon Pepper, Michelle Provoost, Lukasz Stanek, Mark Swenarton, Florian Urban and Dirk van den Heuvel.

1. Introduction Mark Swenarton, Tom Avermaete and Dirk van den Heuvel Part One - Cultures and continuities 2. From Red Superblock to Green Megastructure: Municipal Socialism as Model and Challenge Eve Blau 3. The Welfare State in Flanders: De-pillarization and the Nebulous City Hilde Heynen and Janina Gosseye 4. The beginnings of high-rise social housing in the long 1940s: the case of the LCC and the Woodberry Down estate Simon Pepper 5. West Ham and the Welfare State 1945-70, a Suitable Case for Treatment? Nicholas Bullock Part Two – Critiques and contradictions 6. Who needs ‘needs’? French Post-War Architecture and Its Critics Lukasz Stanek 7. The Open Society and its experiments: The case of the Netherlands and Piet Blom Dirk van den Heuvel 8. Where the motorways meet: Architecture and Corporatism in Sweden 1968 Helena Mattsson 9. The Märkisches Viertel in West Berlin Florian Urban 10. Alternatives to Welfare State: self-build and do-it-yourself Caroline Maniaque-Benton Part Three – National and international 11. From Knoxville to Bidonville: ATBAT and the Architecture of the French Welfare State Tom Avermaete 12. High density without high rise: housing experiments of the 1950s by Patrick Hodgkinson Mark Swenarton 13. Matteotti Village and Gallaratese 2: design criticism of the Italian welfare state Luca Molinari 14. Exporting New Towns: The Welfare City in Africa Michelle Provoost 15. From European Welfare State to Asian capitalism: the transformation of ‘British Public Housing’ in Hong Kong and Singapore Miles Glendinning Appendix One: Outcomes from the Liverpool Workshop 2012 Further Reading Contributors Biographies Acknowledgements Index.

Mark Swenarton is James Stirling professor of architecture at Liverpool University. His writings on twentieth century social housing include Homes fit for Heroes (1981) and Building the New Jerusalem (2008). He is currently researching the housing built by Camden council under Sydney Cook between 1965 and 1973. Tom Avermaete is professor of architecture at TU Delft. He is the author of Another Modern: the Post-War Architecture and Urbanism of Candilis-Josic-Woods (2005) and co-editor of Colonial Modern: Aesthetics of the Past, Rebellions for the Future (2010) and of the themed issue of OASE, ‘L’Afrique, c’est chic’ (2010). Dirk van den Heuvel is head of the Jaap Bakema Study Centre at the New Institute in Rotterdam and associate professor at TU Delft. He co-edits DASH (Delft Architectural Studies on Housing) and the on-line journal Footprint. With Max Risselada he co-authored Team 10: In Search of a Utopia of the Present (2005).