An Introduction To Artificial Intelligence

An authoritative and accessible one-stop resource, An Introduction to Artificial Intelligence presents the first full examination of AI. Designed to provide an understanding of the foundations of artificial intelligence, it examines the central computational techniques employed by AI, including knowledge representation, search, reasoning, and learning, as well as the principal application domains of expert systems, natural language, vision, robotics, software agents and cognitive modeling. Many of the major philosophical and ethical issues of AI are also introduced. Throughout the volume, the authors provide detailed, well-illustrated treatments of each topic with abundant examples and exercises. The authors bring this exciting field to life by presenting a substantial and robust introduction to artificial intelligence in a clear and concise coursebook form. This book stands as a core text for all computer scientists approaching AI for the first time.

KNOWLEDGE IN AIOverviewIntroductionRepresenting KnowledgeMetrics for Assessing Knowledge Representation SchemesLogic Representations Procedural RepresentationNetwork RepresentationsStructured RepresentationsGeneral KnowledgeThe Frame ProblemKnowledge ElicitationSummaryExercisesRecommended Further ReadingREASONINGOverviewWhat is Reasoning?Forward and Backward ReasoningReasoning with UncertaintySummaryExercisesRecommended Further ReadingSEARCHIntroductionExhaustive Search and Simple PruningHeuristic SearchKnowledge-Rich SearchSummaryExercisesRecommended Further ReadingMACHINE LEARNINGOverviewWhy Do We Want Machine Learning?How Machines LearnDeductive LearningInductive LearningExplanation-Based LearningExample: Query-by-BrowsingSummaryRecommended Further ReadingGAME PLAYINGOverviewIntroductionCharacteristics of Game PlayingStandard GamesNon-Zero-Sum Games and Simultaneous PlayThe Adversary is Life!ProbabilitySummaryExercisesRecommended Further ReadingEXPERT SYSTEMSOverview What Are Expert Systems?Uses of Expert SystemsArchitecture of an Expert SystemExamples of Four Expert SystemsBuilding an Expert SystemLimitations of Expert SystemsSummaryExercisesRecommended Further ReadingNATURAL LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDINGOverviewWhat is Natural Language Understanding?Why Do We Need Natural Language Understanding?Why Is Natural Language Understanding Difficult?An Early Attempt at Natural Language Understanding: SHRDLUHow Does Natural Language Understanding Work?Syntactic AnalysisSemantic AnalysisPragmatic AnalysisSummaryExercisesRecommended Further ReadingSolution to SHRDLU ProblemCOMPUTER VISIONOverviewIntroductionDigitization and Signal ProcessingEdge DetectionRegion DetectionReconstructing ObjectsIdentifying ObjectsMultiple ImagesSummaryExercisesRecommended Further ReadingPLANNING AND ROBOTICSOverviewIntroductionGlobal PlanningLocal PlanningLimbs, Legs, and EyesPractical RoboticsSummary ExercisesRecommended Further ReadingAGENTSOverviewSoftware AgentsCo-operating Agents and Distributed AISummaryExercisesRecommended Further ReadingMODELS OF THE MINDOverview IntroductionWhat is the Human Mind?Production System ModelsConnectionist Models of CognitionSummaryExercisesRecommended Further ReadingNotesEPILOGUE: PHILOSOPHICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL ISSUESOverviewIntelligent Machines or Engineering Tools?What Is Intelligence?Computational Argument vs. Searle's Chinese RoomWho Is Responsible?Morals and EmotionsSocial ImplicationsSummaryRecommended Further Reading