The Middle East and North Africa 2022

Now in its sixty-eighth edition, this title continues to provide the most up-to-date geopolitical and economic information for this important world area. Key Features: - covers the Middle East and North Africa from Algeria to Yemen - includes topical contributions from acknowledged experts on regional affairs - accurately and impartially records the latest political and economic developments - provides comprehensive data on all major organizations active in the countries of the region. General Survey - introductory essays cover a wide range of topics relating to the region as a whole. Country Surveys Individual chapters on each country incorporating: - essays on the physical and social geography, recent history and economy - an extensive statistical survey of economic and social indicators, which include area and population, health and welfare, agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, industry, finance, trade, transport, tourism, communications media and education - a full directory with names, addresses and contact details covering the constitution, government, legislature, political organizations, election commissions, diplomatic representation, judiciary, religious groups, the media, finance, trade and industry (including petroleum and natural gas), tourism, defence and education - a country-specific bibliography, providing suggestions for further research. Regional Information - includes all major international organizations active in the Middle East and North Africa; research institutes specializing in the region; and select bibliographies of books and periodicals.

PART ONE General Survey Saudi Arabia and Iran: Islam, Security and Foreign Policy in the Middle East SIMON MABON China and the Greater Middle East: From the Silk Road, to the Belt and Road Initiative, to the COVID-19 Era MUHAMAD S. OLIMAT US Middle East Policy ROBERT E. LOONEY Political Islam in the Middle East and North Africa GEORGE JOFFÉ The Kurdish Question in the Middle East CENGIZ GUNES The Syrian Refugee Crisis: Regional Challenges BENEDETTA BERTI The Religions of the Middle East and North Africa R. B. SERJEANT PART TWO Country Surveys Sections on geography, history and economy, as well as statistical surveys, directories and bibliographies for each country ALGERIA History GIANNI DEL PANTA Economy MOUNDIR LASSASSI BAHRAIN History MARC JONES Economy CYPRUS History ANDREAS STERGIOU Economy ‘Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus’ History Economy EGYPT History Updated by ALICE VERTICELLI and DENIS J. SULLIVAN Economy SHIREEN ALAZZAWI IRAN History EDWARD WASTNIDGE Economy ROBERT E. LOONEY IRAQ History LIAM ANDERSON Economy ROBERT E. LOONEY ISRAEL History Revised by ASSAF SHAPIRA Economy ROBERT E. LOONEY Occupied Territories East Jerusalem The Golan Heights JORDAN History COURTNEY FREER Economy Revised by PIERRE BOUTROS and ALI FAKIH KUWAIT History Revised by CLAIRE BEAUGRAND Economy LEBANON History NATÁLIA CALFAT Economy Revised by WAFAA ELBABA and ALI FAKIH LIBYA History Revised by RONALD BRUCE ST JOHN Economy AMIR MAGDY KAMEL MOROCCO History Revised by NEIL PARTRICK Economy Revised by NEIL PARTRICK OMAN History Revised by MARC VALERI Economy FRANCIS OWTRAM PALESTINIAN TERRITORIES Recent History Updated by NIGEL PARSONS Economy QATAR History DAVID ROBERTS Economy SAUDI ARABIA History ABDULAZIZ ALGHASHIAN Economy Revised by NEIL PARTRICK (Based on an original essay by MOIN SIDDIQI) SPANISH NORTH AFRICA Ceuta Melilla SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC History EYAL ZISSER Economy Revised by ALI FAKIH and MARIAM TARRAF TUNISIA History Revised by NEIL PARTRICK Economy Revised by NEIL PARTRICK TURKEY History Revised by GARETH JENKINS Economy Revised by GARETH JENKINS UNITED ARAB EMIRATES History KRISTIAN COATES ULRICHSEN Economy YEMEN History VINCENT DURAC Economy CHARLES SCHMITZ PART THREE Regional Information REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS MAJOR COMMODITIES OF THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA DOCUMENTS ON PALESTINE CALENDARS RESEARCH INSTITUTES SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY (BOOKS) SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY(PERIODICALS)

Europa Publications’ regional publications are compiled by a team of editors and researchers, with introductory and country-specific material provided by specialists in their field: Shireen AlAzzawi. Lecturer, Economics Department, Leavey School of Business, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, USA; and Research Fellow, Economic Research Forum, Cairo, Egypt. Abdulaziz Alghashian. Lecturer in International Relations, University of Essex, Colchester, UK. Liam Anderson. Professor of Political Science, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA. David Barchard. Independent scholar and former Financial Times correspondent in Turkey. Claire Beaugrand. Lecturer in Sociology of the Gulf and Arabian Peninsula, Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies, University of Exeter, UK. Benedetta Berti. Senior Adviser and Head of the Policy Planning Division of the Office of the Secretary-General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Brussels, Belgium. Dana Blander. Research Fellow, Israel Democracy Institute, Jerusalem, Israel. Pierre Boutros. Research Assistant, Department of Economics, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon. Natália Calfat. Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Political Science, University of São Paulo, Brazil. Jad Chaaban. Associate Professor of Economics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon. Charles Charalambous. Independent communications consultant and journalist; formerly financial correspondent for the Cyprus Mail. Kristian Coates Ulrichsen. Fellow for the Middle East, Baker Institute for Public Policy, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA, and Associate Fellow, Middle East and North Africa Programme, Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House), London, UK. Jill Crystal. Professor of Political Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA. Gianni Del Panta. Post-Doctoral Research Fellow in Political Science, Scuola Normale Superiore, Florence, Italy. Vincent Durac. Associate Professor, School of Politics and International Relations, University College Dublin, Ireland. Wafaa ElBaba. Research Assistant, Department of Economics, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon. Ali Fakih. Associate Professor and Associate Chair, Department of Economics, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon. Courtney Freer. Assistant Professorial Research Fellow, Middle East Centre, London School of Economics, UK. Richard German. Writer and researcher on international political and economic affairs. Cengiz Gunes. Associate Lecturer in Politics and International Relations, Faculty of Social Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, UK. Gareth Jenkins. Non-resident Senior Fellow with the Silk Road Studies Program, based in Istanbul, Turkey. George Joffé. Visiting Professor, King’s College London, UK; Lecturer on the Middle East and North Africa, Department of Politics and International Studies, University of Cambridge, UK; and former Deputy Director of the Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House), London, UK. Marc Jones. Assistant Professor in Middle East Studies and Digital Humanities, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar. Amir Magdy Kamel. Lecturer, Defence Studies Department, and Fellow, Institute of Middle Eastern Studies, King’s College London, UK. Moundir Lassassi. Researcher and Division Manager, Centre de Recherche en Economie Appliquée pour le Développement (CREAD), Algiers, Algeria. Robert E. Looney. Distinguished Professor, Department of National Security Affairs, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA. Simon Mabon. Senior Lecturer, Department of Politics, Philosophy and Religion, and Director of The Sectarianism, Proxies and De-sectarianisation Project (SEPAD), Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK. Philip McCrum. Chief Economist, Middle East and North Africa, and Director, Economic Advisory, EY, Dubai, UAE. Fiona Mullen. Director, Sapienta Economics, Nicosia, Cyprus; and former economy adviser to the United Nations Special Adviser to the Secretary-General on Cyprus. Muhamad S. Olimat. Professor of International Relations and Middle East Studies, Emirates Diplomatic Academy, Abu Dhabi, UAE. James Onley. Director of Historical Research, Qatar National Library, Doha, Qatar; and Editor of the Journal of Arabian Studies (Routledge). Francis Owtram. Honorary Research Fellow, Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies, University of Exeter, UK; and Gulf History Specialist, The British Library, London, UK. Nigel Parsons. Senior Lecturer, Politics Programme, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Neil Partrick. Writer and analyst on the Arabian Peninsula and wider Middle East. David Roberts. Assistant Professor and Lecturer, School of Security Studies, King’s College London, UK; Adjunct Faculty, Paris School of International Affairs, Sciences Po, Paris, France; and former Director of the Qatar office of the Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies. Charles Schmitz. Professor and Chair, Department of Geography & Environment