The Far East and Australasia 2023

This comprehensive survey of the countries of East and South-East Asia, Australia and New Zealand, along with 22 Pacific islands, fully revised to reflect current economic and political developments, is an essential resource for the Asia-Pacific region. Calendar of Political Events A calendar of events provides a convenient reference guide to the year’s main political developments. General Survey Written by leading experts, this collection of essays provides incisive analysis of regional issues. Country Surveys Individual chapters on each country containing: · essays on geography, history and the economy · an economic and demographic survey of the latest available statistics on population, health and welfare, agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, industry, finance, trade, transport, tourism, communications and education · a comprehensive directory of names and contact details covering the most significant political, financial and commercial institutions · a country-specific bibliography. An entire section is dedicated to the Pacific islands, including specially commissioned essays examining the contemporary politics of the islands, their economies, security concerns and the environmental issues confronting them. Regional Information · includes all major international organizations active in the region, their aims, activities, publications and principal personnel · a detailed survey of major commodities in Asia and the Pacific · a directory of research institutes specializing in the region · select bibliographies of books and periodicals covering the Asia-Pacific region · an index of regional organizations.

PART ONE General Survey The USA’s Turn against China: Rivalry in the Asia-Pacific Region ROBERT SUTTER Authoritarianism and Democratic Backsliding in South-East Asia MARK R. THOMPSON Environmental Issues in the Asia-Pacific Region MARY ALICE HADDAD Competition, Uncertainty and Mistrust: Regional Security in East Asia NICK BISLEY Recent Economic Developments in the Asia-Pacific Region ROBERT E. LOONEY PART TWO Country Surveys Sections on geography, history and economy, as well as statistical surveys, directories and bibliographies for each country. A dedicated section on the Pacific islands, which includes an introductory essay and directory and statistical information for each of the Pacific islands and a locally focused bibliography. AUSTRALIA History FRANK BONGIORNO Economy DOUGLAS HUNT and SHYAMA RATNASIRI AUSTRALIAN TERRITORIES IN THE INDIAN OCEAN Ashmore and Cartier Islands Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Heard Island and the McDonald Islands BRUNEI History STEPHEN C. DRUCE Economy WEE CHIAN KOH CAMBODIA History TRUDE JACOBSEN GIDASZEWSKI Economy ROBERT E. LOONEY THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA History KERRY BROWN Economy ROBERT F. ASH CHINESE SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGIONS HONG KONG History JAMES TANG (based on an earlier article by N. J. MINERS) Economy LOK SANG HO MACAO History Economy INDONESIA History JAMES R. RUSH Economy ANNE BOOTH JAPAN History DEAN ASZKIELOWICZ Economy SHIRO ARMSTRONG KOREA History up to the Korean War ANDREW C. NAHM (with revisions by JAMES E. HOARE) THE DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF KOREA History EDWARD HOWELL Economy ROBERT F. ASH THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA History EDWARD HOWELL Economy RANDALL S. JONES THE LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC History VOLKER GRABOWKSY Economy ROBERT E. LOONEY MALAYSIA History JAMES CHIN and ANTHONY MILNER Economy MICHAEL MEOW-CHUNG YAP MONGOLIA History LI NARANGOA Economy CHARLES KRUSEKOPF MYANMAR (BURMA) History ARDETH THAWNGHMUNG Economy ROBERT E. LOONEY NEW ZEALAND History JEANINE GRAHAM Economy KENNETH E. JACKSON THE PACIFIC ISLANDS Background to the Pacific Islands BRYANT J. ALLEN History of the Pacific Islands IAN CAMPBELL Contemporary Politics of the Pacific Islands STEWART FIRTH Security in the Pacific Islands STEWART FIRTH Economies of the Pacific Islands RONALD DUNCAN Environmental Issues of the Pacific Islands ROSS STEELE China and the Pacific: A New Focus on Security MATTHEW CLARKE AUSTRALIAN PACIFIC TERRITORIES Coral Sea Islands Territory Norfolk Island FIJI FRENCH PACIFIC OVERSEAS COLLECTIVITIES French Polynesia The Wallis and Futuna Islands OTHER FRENCH PACIFIC OVERSEAS TERRITORY New Caledonia KIRIBATI THE MARSHALL ISLANDS THE FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA NAURU NEW ZEALAND PACIFIC TERRITORY Tokelau NEW ZEALAND PACIFIC ASSOCIATED STATES The Cook Islands Niue PALAU PAPUA NEW GUINEA SAMOA SOLOMON ISLANDS TONGA TUVALU UNITED KINGDOM PACIFIC TERRITORY The Pitcairn Islands US COMMONWEALTH TERRITORY IN THE PACIFIC The Northern Mariana Islands US EXTERNAL TERRITORIES IN THE PACIFIC American Samoa Guam OTHER US TERRITORIES IN THE PACIFIC Baker and Howland Islands Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Island Palmyra Wake Island VANUATU THE PHILIPPINES History JOHN T. SIDEL Economy ROBERT E. LOONEY SINGAPORE History S. R. JOEY LONG Economy CHAN KOK HOE TAIWAN History DAFYDD FELL Economy ROBERT F. ASH THAILAND History NICHOLAS FARRELLY Economy BHANUPONG NIDHIPRABHA TIMOR-LESTE (EAST TIMOR) History MICHAEL LEACH Economy ROBERT E. LOONEY VIET NAM History JÖRN DOSCH Economy SUIWAH LEUNG PART THREE Regional Information REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS MAJOR COMMODITIES OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC CALENDARS AND TIME RECKONING RESEARCH INSTITUTES STUDYING THE FAR EAST AND AUSTRALASIA SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY (BOOKS) SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY (PERIODICALS) INDEX OF REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS INDEX OF TERRITORIES LIST OF MAPS

Europa Publications’ regional publications are compiled by a team of editors and researchers, with introductory and country-specific material provided by specialists in their field: Bryant J. Allen. Former Visiting Fellow, State Society and Governance in Melanesia Program, School of International, Political and Strategic Studies, College of Asia and the Pacific, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. Shiro Armstrong. Associate Professor of Economics and Director of the Australia-Japan Research Centre, Crawford School of Public Policy, College of Asia and the Pacific, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia Robert F. Ash. Emeritus Professor, China Institute, SOAS University of London, United Kingdom. Dean Aszkielowicz. Senior Lecturer, College of Arts, Business, Law and Social Sciences, and Fellow of the Asia Research Centre, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia. Nick Bisley. Dean of Humanities and Social Sciences and Professor of International Relations, La Trobe University, Australia. Frank Bongiorno. Professor, School of History, Research School of Social Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. Anne Booth. Emerita Professor of Economics, SOAS University of London, United Kingdom. Kerry Brown. Director of the Lau China Institute and Professor of Chinese Studies, King’s College London, United Kingdom. Ian Campbell. Former Professor, School of Social Sciences, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji. Matthew Clarke. Alfred Deakin Professor and Pro Vice-Chancellor (Researcher Development), Deakin University, Victoria, Australia. Chan Kok Hoe. Lecturer, Department of Economics, National University of Singapore, Singapore. James Chin. Professor of Asian Studies, University of Tasmania, Australia. Jörn Dosch. Professor of International Relations and Development Co-operation, University of Rostock, Germany. Stephen C. Druce. Deputy Director of the Academy of Brunei Studies, Associate Researcher at the Institute of Asian Studies, Senior Assistant Professor in History, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam. Ronald Duncan AO. Emeritus Professor, Crawford School of Public Policy, College of Asia and the Pacific, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. Nicholas Farrelly. Professor and Head of Social Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia. Dafydd Fell. Reader in Comparative Politics, with special reference to Taiwan, Department of Politics and International Studies, Director, Centre of Taiwan Studies, SOAS University of London, United Kingdom. Stewart Firth. Research Fellow, Department of Pacific Affairs, Coral Bell School of Asia Pacific Affairs, College of Asia and the Pacific, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. Volker Grabowsky. Professor of Thai Studies, Asia-Africa Institute, University of Hamburg, Germany. Jeanine Graham. Former Senior Lecturer in History, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. Mary-Alice Haddad. John E. Andrus Professor of Government and Professor of East Asian and Environmental Studies, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA. Edward Howell. Lecturer in Politics, New College, University of Oxford, United Kingdom. Lok Sang Ho. Professor of Economics, Centre for Public Policy Studies, Lingnan University, Hong Kong. James E. Hoare. Associate Fellow, Asia-Pacific Programme, Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House), London, United Kingdom. Douglas Hunt. Lecturer in Economics and Research Fellow, Business School, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia. Kenneth E. Jackson. Former Director, Centre for Development Studies, University of Auckland, and Adjunct Research Professor, Auckland Institute of Studies, Auckland, New Zealand. Trude Jacobsen Gidaszewski. Professor in Asian History, Department of History, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA Randall S. Jones. Former Head of the Japan/Korea Desk, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France, Non-Resident Distinguished Fellow, Korea Economic Institute, Washington, DC, USA, Professional Fellow, Center on Japanese Economy and Business, Columbia University, New York, USA, and Adjunct Lecturer, School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Washington, DC, USA. Wee Chian Koh. Head of Economics and Finance, Centre for Strategic and Policy Studies, Brunei Darussalam. Charles Krusekopf. Professor, School of Business, Royal Roads University, Victoria, BC, Canada. Michael Leach. Professor of Politics and International Relations, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia, and Co-founder of the Timor-Leste Studies Association. Suiwah Leung. Honorary Associate Professor of Economics, Crawford School of Public Policy, College of Asia and the Pacific, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. S. R. Joey Long. Associate Professor and Head, Department of History, National University of Singapore,