The Evolution of Exudativory in Primates

I first became involved in research into primate behavior and ecology in 1968, over 40 years ago, driven by a quest for a better understanding of the natural context of primate evolution. At that time, it was virtually unknown that primates can exploit exudates as a major food source. I was certainly unaware of this myself. By good fortune, I was awarded a postdoctoral grant to work on lemurs with Jean-Jacques Petter in the general ecology division of the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Brunoy, France. This provided the launching-pad for my first field study of lesser mouse lemurs in Madagascar, during which I gained my initial inklings of exudate feeding. It was also in Brunoy that I met up with Pierre Charles- Dominique, who introduced me to pioneering observations of exudate feeding he had made during his field study of five lorisiform species in Gabon. This opened my eyes to a key feeding adaptation that has now been reported for at least 69 primate species in 12 families (Smith, Chap. 3) – almost 20% of extant primate species. So exudativory is now firmly established as a dietary category for p- mates, alongside the long-recognized classes of faunivory (including insectivory), frugivory, and folivory. Soon after I encountered Charles-Dominique, he published the first synthetic account of his Gabon field study in a French language journal (Charles-Dominique 1971).

Table of Contents for The Evolution of Exudativory in Primates List of contributors Dedication Acknowledgements Forward: Robert D. Martin 1. Introduction Leanne T. Nash and Anne M. Burrows 2. Nutritional and digestive challenges to being a gum-feeding primate Michael L. Power 3. Exudativory in primates: interspecific patterns Andrew C. Smith 4. The ecology of exudate production and exudate feeding in Saguinus and Callimico Paul A. Garber and Leila M. Porter 5. Influences on gum feeding in primates Andrew C. Smith 6. Gummivory in cheirogaleids: primitive retention or adaptation to hypervariable environments? Fabien G.S. Génin, Judith C. Masters, and Jorg U. Ganzhorn 7. Seasonality in gum and honeydew feeding in gray mouse lemurs Marine Joly-Radko and Elke Zimmermann 8. Comparative ecology of exudate feeding by Asian slow lorises (Nycticebus) K.A.I. Nekaris, C.R. Starr, R.L. Collins, and A. Navarro-Montes 9. Exudativory and primate skull form Matthew J. Ravosa, Russell T. Hogg, and Christopher J. Vinyard 10. A comparative analysis of the articular cartilage in the temporomandibular joint of gouging and non-gouging New World monkeys Amy L. Mork, Walter E. Horton, Jr., and Christopher J. Vinyard 11. Galago dental adaptations to exudativory: It’s not the toothcomb that counts Anne M. Burrows and Leanne T. Nash 12. A guide to galago diversity: Getting a grip on how best to chew gum Isobel R. Stephenson, Simon K. Bearder, Guiseppe Donati, and Johann Karlsson 13. Tongue morphology in infant and adult bushbabies (Otolemur spp.) Beth A. Docherty, Laura J. Alport, Kunwar P. Bhatnagar, Anne M. Burrows, and Timothy D. Smith 14. Adaptive profile versus adaptive specialization: Fossils and gummivory in primate evolution Alfred L. Rosenberger Index