Metal Toxicology Handbook

Heavy metals and metalloids, singly or in combination, induce toxic manifestations either through acute or chronic pathology. In particular, long-term chronic exposure to diverse heavy metals and metalloids to humans and animals can lead to numerous physical, muscular, neurological, nephrological, and diverse degenerative diseases and dysfunctions, including multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases, cardiovascular disorders, and several others. Recognized heavy metals such as lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, thallium, and hexavalent chromium are known for enormous toxicity. The immediate vital signs of acute heavy metal exposure include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and acute abdominal pain. Mercury has been identified as the most toxic heavy metal, and mercury poisoning is known as acrodynia or pink disease. Similarly, lead, another toxic heavy metal, was at one time an integral part of painting. Metal Toxicology Handbook further explains and discusses the varying attributes of metals, discussing toxicity, safety, and proper human utilization of metals. Beginning with a broad overview of metals, metalloids, redox biology, and neurodegeneration and going further into the roles, benefits, and toxicity of metals with each section, the text contains 28 chapters from eminent researchers and scientists in their respective fields and is a must-have for anyone researching the potential toxicity in metals. Key Features Discusses the pathology of metal toxicity Highlights the benefits of metals Explains the mechanism and salient features of restoring metabolic homeostasis Highlights dose-dependent beneficial and adverse effects of vanadium safety and toxicity The initial introductory section provides a broad overview of metals, metalloids, redox biology, and neurodegeneration. The second section discusses the pathology of metal toxicity in two chapters, while the third section highlights the mechanism and salient features of restoring metabolic homeostasis in two chapters. The fourth section demonstrates the aspect of radionuclides toxicity. In a change of pace, the fifth section discusses the benefits of metals in four chapters. The sixth section, titled "Toxic Manifestations by Diverse Heavy Metals and Metalloids," provides fourteen chapters that discuss the toxicological mechanism and manifestation of individual metals. The editors have crafted a commentary titled "A Treatise on Metal Toxicity" and summarized a vivid scenario of metal toxicity and its consequences.

Part I: Introduction: Metals, Metalloids, Redox Biology, and Neurodegeneration 1. Role of Metals and Metalloids in Redox Biology [Amit Madeshiya, Pradipta Banerjee, Suman Santra, Nandini Ghosh, Sayantani Karmakar, Debasis Bagchi, Sashwati Roy, and Amitava Das] 2. Role of Metals in Neurodegeneration [Abhai Kumar, Smita Singh, and Rameshwar Nath Chaurasia] Part II: Pathology of Metal Toxicity 3. Pathological Manifestations and Mechanisms of Metal Toxicity [Odete Mendes and Chidozie Amuzie] 4. An Overview of Heavy Metal Research in Traditional Chinese Medicine [Yu Xu, Ning Wang, and Yibin Feng] Part III: Mechanisms of Restoring Metabolic Homeostasis 5. Development and Utilization of a Novel Prodosomed-Electrolyte and Phytochemical Formulation Technology to Restore Metabolic Homeostasis [Bernard W. Downs, Manashi Bagchi, Bruce S. Morrison, Jeffrey Galvin, Steve Kushner, and Debasis Bagchi] 6. Gut Microbiome and Heavy Metals [Ashfaque Hossain, Muhammad Manjurul Karim, Tania Akter Jhuma, and Godfred A. Menezes] Part IV: Radionuclides Toxicity 7. A Review on Radionuclide Toxicity [Fco. Javier Guillén Gerada and José Ángel Corbacho Merino] Part V: Benefits of Metals 8. Contribution of Bioavailable Silicon in Human Health [Keith Robert Martin] 9. Benefits of Trivalent Chromium in Human Nutrition? [John B. Vincent] 10. Trivalent Chromium: A Vital Insulin Sensitizer [Harry G. Preuss and Debasis Bagchi] 11. Differential Impact of Organic Vanadium Compounds on Human Health: Deficiency States, Toxic Effects, and Potential Therapeutic Use [Satinath Mukhopadhayay and Bidisha Mukherjee] 12. Vanadium—Speciation Chemistry Can Be Important When Assessing Health Effects on Living Systems [Debbie C. Crans, Kahoana Postal, and Judith A. MacGregor] Part VI: Toxic Manifestations by Diverse Heavy Metals and Metalloids 13. Clinical Toxicology of Copper: Source, Toxidrome, Mechanism of Toxicity and Management [Sonal Sekhar Miraj and Mahadev Rao] 14. Cadmium Exposure and Toxicity [Soisungwan Satarug and Kenneth R. Phelps] 15. Cobalt Toxicity and Human Health [Md. Hafiz Uddin and Marufa Rumman] 16. Cobalt Toxicity [Muhammad Umar, Ayyaz Sultan, Noman Jahangir, and Zobia Saeed] 17. Iron-Siderophore and Tumorigenesis: Molecular Insight and Therapeutic Targets [Sayantan Maitra and Dibyendu Dutta] 18. Clinical Toxicology of Iron: Source, Toxidrome, Mechanism of Toxicity, and Management [Shilia Jacob Kurian, Sonal Sekhar Miraj, Ahmed Alshrief, Sreedharan Nair, and Mahadev Rao] 19. Vanadium Toxicity Revisited: Striking the Right Balance between Potential New Generation Therapeutics and Adverse Side Effects [Rituparna Ghosh, Ahana Das, Arnab Bandyopadhyay, Rajib Majumder, and Samudra Prosad Banik] 20. The Ubiquitous Lead—Biological Effects, Toxicity, and Management [Sreejayan Nair and Debasis Bagchi] 21. Lead Toxicity: An Overview of Its Pathophysiology and Intervention Strategies [Rokeya Pervin, Md. Akil Hossain, Dipti Debnath, and Mohiuddin Ahmed Bhuiyan] 22. Arsenic Toxicity: Source, Mechanism, Global Health Complication, and Possible Way to Defeat [Dipti Debnath, Biddut Deb Nath, Rokeya Pervin, and Md. Akil Hossain] 23. Clinical Toxicology of Mercury: Source, Toxidrome, Mechanism of Toxicity, and Management [Sonal Sekhar Miraj, Pooja Gopal Poojari, Girish Thunga P, and Mahadev Rao] 24. An Overview of Tungsten Toxicity [Ola Wasel and Jennifer L. Freeman] 25. Boron Toxicity: An Insight on Its Influence on Wheat Growth [Anamika Pandey, Mohd. Kamran Khan, Mehmet Hamurcu, Fatma Gokmen Yilmaz, and Sait Gezgin] 26. Diversity of Mechanisms for Boron Toxicity in Mammals [Diana Rodríguez-Vera, Antonio Abad-García, Mónica Barrón-González, Julia J. Segura-Uribe, Eunice D. Farfán-García, and Marvin A. Soriano-Ursúa] 27. Lithium: Is It Good or Bad for Plant Growth? [Mohsin Tanveer and Lei Wang] 28. An Overview of Nickel Toxicity in Plants [Mohsin Tanveer] Commentary: A Treatise on Metal Toxicology

Debasis Bagchi, PhD, MACN, CNS, MAIChE, received his PhD in medicinal chemistry in 1982. He is the Director of Scientific Affairs, VNI, Inc., Lederach, Pennsylvania; an Adjunct Faculty at Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas and a past Faculty in the Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences at the University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, Texas. He served as the Chief Scientific Officer at Cepham, Inc., Belmont, New Jersey, from June 2013 through December 2018. He was the Senior Vice President of Research and Development of InterHealth Nutraceuticals, Inc., Benicia, California, from 1998 until February 2011, and then as the Director of Innovation and Clinical Affairs of Iovate Health Sciences, Oakville, Ontario, Canada, until June 2013. Dr Bagchi received the Master of American College of Nutrition Award in October 2010. He is the Past Chairman of International Society of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods (ISNFF), Past President of American College of Nutrition, Clearwater, Florida, and Past Chair of the Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods Division of Institute of Food Technologists (IFT), Chicago, Illinois. He is serving as a Distinguished Advisor at the Japanese Institute for Health Food Standards (JIHFS), Tokyo, Japan. He is a Member of the Study Section and Peer Review Committee of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland. He has published 372 papers in peer-reviewed journals, has written 41 books, and has 20 patents. He is also a Member of the Society of Toxicology, Member of the New York Academy of Sciences, Fellow of the Nutrition Research Academy, and Member of the TCE stakeholder Committee of the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. He is the Associate Editor of the Journal of Functional Foods, Journal of the American College of Nutrition, and Archives of Medical and Biomedical Research, and he also serves as an Editorial Board Member of numerous peer-reviewed journals, including Antioxidants and Redox Signaling, Cancer Letters, Food and Nutrition Research, Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, The Original Internist, and other peer-reviewed journals. Manashi Bagchi, PhD, FACN, received her PhD in chemistry in 1984. She is currently the Chief Scientific Officer of Dr. Herbs LLC, Concord, California. She is also a Consultant for VNI, Lederach, Pennsylvania. She served as an Associate Professor at the Creighton University School of Pharmacy and Allied Health Profession, Omaha, Nebraska, from September 1990 until August 1999. Later, she served as the Director of Research at InterHealth Nutraceuticals, Benicia, California, from September 1999 to July 2009. She is a Member of the Study Section and Peer Review Committee of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland. Her research interests include free radicals, human diseases, toxicology, carcinogenesis, anti-aging and anti-inflammatory pathophysiology, mechanistic aspects of cytoprotection by antioxidants and chemoprotectants, regulatory pathways in obesity and gene expression, diabetes, arthritis, and efficacy and safety of natural botanical products and dietary supplements. She is a Member of the Society of Toxicology (Reston, Virginia), the New York Academy of Sciences (New York, New York), and the Institutes of Food Technologists (Chicago, Illinois). She is a Fellow and currently Board Member of the American College of Nutrition (Clearwater, Florida). She has published 225 papers in peer-reviewed journals and 2 books, Genomics, Proteomics and Metabolomics in Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods and Bio-Nanotechnology: A Revolution in Food, Biomedical and Health Sciences, from Wiley-Blackwell. She has delivered invited lectures at various national and international scientific conferences and organized workshops and group discussion sessions. She serves as an Editorial Board Member of the Journal of the American College of Nutrition, and is a reviewer of many peer-reviewed journals. She received funding from various institutions and agencies, including the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, the National Institute of Aging, the Nebraska State Department of Health, and the Cancer Society of Nebraska. Both Dr. D. Bagchi and Dr. M. Bagchi have extensively researched diverse heavy metals and metalloids, including cadmium, chromium(III), chromium(VI), arsenic, nickel, platinum, zinc, vanadium, manganese, magnesium, bismuth, cobalt, calcium, potassium, iron, and silver since 1993 to demonstrate the diverse molecular mechanisms of toxicity as well as to explore the beneficial effects of selected metals on human health. They have published approximately 75 peer-reviewed publications and book chapters as author or co-author. Their research studies have been supported by the Biomedical Research Support Grant (BRSG), the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRII