1. Linguistic stratigraphy, or how to recover traces of lost languages
2. The Central Andean linguistic landscape through time and the Quechuan language family
2.1. The ever-changing cultural and linguistic landscapes of the Central Andes
2.2. Quechua today
2.3. The classification of Quechua
2.4. The Quechua expansion
2.5. The non-Quechua linguistic diversity
3. Evidence and methods for investigating substratal languages
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Toponyms and anthroponyms
3.3 Substrate influence
3.4 Substrate vocabulary
3.5. Extralinguistic evidence
3.6. Summary
4. The Aymara presence in Southern Peru
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Toponymy
4.3. Substrate effects
4.4. Substrate vocabulary
4.5. Perspectives from outside linguistics
4.6. Summary
5. The Barbacoan languages and the southern Ecuadorian highlands
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Toponymy
5.2.1. Characteristic toponymy of Cañar and Azuay
5.2.2. Continuous northward extensions of Cañar and Azuay toponymic endings
5.2.3. Noncontinuous northward extensions of Cañar and Azuay toponymic endings to the Ecuadorian-Colombian border
5.2.4. Northward extensions of phonological characteristics of Cañar and Azuay toponyms
5.3. Substrate effects
5.4. Substrate vocabulary
5.5. Summary
6. Chachapoyas
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Toponymy
6.3. Substrate effects
6.4. Substrate vocabulary
6.5. Perspectives from outside linguistics
6.6. Summary
7. Synopsis and conclusion
References
