Introduction -- A Comparison of the Domestic-Limitation and Foreign-Intervention Approaches -- Could China Have Industrialized? -- The National and International Environments of Chinese Economic Self-Strengthening, 1870–1897 -- Sprouts of Industry: The Chinese Self-Strengthening Enterprises, 1870–1897 -- Foreign Intervention Drains Chinese Capital and Erodes Political Legitimacy, 1897–1911 -- Chinese Industrial Stagnation, 1897–1911 -- Foreign Intervention Levels: The Key Variable Influencing Ch’ing Chinese Industrialization
