Africa South of the Sahara 2022

The definitive one-volume guide to all sub-Saharan African countries, providing invaluable economic, political, statistical and directory data. General Survey Thoroughly revised and updated analytical articles written by experts on the region and covering both continent-wide and sub-regional issues. Country Surveys Individual chapters on every country incorporating: essays on the physical and social geography, recent history and economies an extensive statistical survey of economic indicators a full directory containing names, addresses and contact details for key areas such as the government, diplomatic representation, the media, finance, trade and industry, and defence a useful bibliography, providing sources for further research. Regional Information Detailed information on regional organizations; commodities; research institutes; and select bibliographies of books and periodicals.

PART ONE General Survey Economic Trends in Africa South of the Sahara DONALD L. SPARKS Beyond Françafrique—The State of Relations Between France and Africa TONY CHAFER A Century of Development: Policy and Process in Sub-Saharan Africa MICHAEL JENNINGS An Analysis of the Rule of Law in Sub-Saharan Africa LEIGHANN SPENCER PART TWO Country Surveys Essays on geography, history, and economy, as well as statistical surveys, directories and bibliographies for each country: ANGOLA Recent History BRAD SAFARIK Economy BRAD SAFARIK BENIN Recent History KATHARINE MURISON Economy PAUL MELLY BOTSWANA Recent History CHRISTOPHER SAUNDERS Economy ROBERT E. LOONEY BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORY BURKINA FASO Recent History KATHARINE MURISON Economy PAUL MELLY BURUNDI Recent History DEVON E. A. CURTIS Economy DUNCAN WOODSIDE CABO VERDE Recent History GERHARD SEIBERT Economy GERHARD SEIBERT CAMEROON Recent History HELEN WARE Economy TICKY MONEKOSSO THE CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC Recent History JUAN FANDOS-RIUS Economy DUNCAN WOODSIDE CHAD Recent History MOUDWE DAGA Economy PAUL MELLY THE COMOROS Recent History PAUL MELLY Economy PAUL MELLY MAYOTTE THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO Recent History ZOE MARRIAGE Economy DUNCAN WOODSIDE THE REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO Recent History KATHARINE MURISON Economy TICKY MONEKOSSO CÔTE D’IVOIRE Recent History MARIE GIBERT Economy MARIE GIBERT DJIBOUTI Recent History DAVID STYAN Economy DAVID STYAN EQUATORIAL GUINEA Recent History MARISÉ CASTRO Economy MARISÉ CASTRO ERITREA Recent History WARKA SOLOMON KAHSAY Economy WARKA SOLOMON KAHSAY ESWATINI (SWAZILAND) Recent History HUGH MACMILLAN Economy DONALD L. SPARKS ETHIOPIA Recent History SOLOMON M. GOFIE Economy ROBERT E. LOONEY GABON Recent History RALPH YOUNG Economy RALPH YOUNG THE GAMBIA Recent History KATHARINE MURISON Economy ROBERT E. LOONEY GHANA Recent History GEORGE M. BOB-MILLIAR Economy ROBERT E. LOONEY GUINEA Recent History MARIE GIBERT Economy MARIE GIBERT GUINEA-BISSAU Recent History MARIE GIBERT (based on an earlier article by ALEXANDRE ABREU) Economy MARIE GIBERT (based on an earlier article by ALEXANDRE ABREU) KENYA Recent History MICHAEL JENNINGS Economy DUNCAN WOODSIDE LESOTHO Recent History CHRISTOPHER SAUNDERS Economy DONALD L. SPARKS LIBERIA Recent History FRED VAN DER KRAAIJ Economy FRED VAN DER KRAAIJ MADAGASCAR Recent History JULIAN COOKE (based on an earlier article by MERVYN BROWN) Economy JULIAN COOKE MALAWI Recent History CHRISTOPHER SAUNDERS Economy DONALD L. SPARKS MALI Recent History STEPHEN HARMON Economy PAUL MELLY MAURITANIA Recent History GIUSEPPE MAIMONE Economy PAUL MELLY MAURITIUS Recent History KATHARINE MURISON Economy BOOPEN SEETANAH, SHEEREEN FAUZEL and VERENA TANDRAYEN-RAGOOBUR MOZAMBIQUE Recent History MARISÉ CASTRO Economy ROBERT E. LOONEY NAMIBIA Recent History CHRISTOPHER SAUNDERS Economy DONALD L. SPARKS NIGER Recent History LUCA RAINERI (based on an earlier article by ABDOURAHMANE IDRISSA) Economy ABDOURAHMANE IDRISSA NIGERIA Recent History MAX SIOLLUN Economy ROBERT E. LOONEY RÉUNION Recent History Economy RWANDA Recent History DUNCAN WOODSIDE Economy DUNCAN WOODSIDE SAINT HELENA, ASCENSION AND TRISTAN DA CUNHA Recent History Economy SÃO TOMÉ AND PRÍNCIPE Recent History GERHARD SEIBERT Economy GERHARD SEIBERT SENEGAL Recent History KATHARINE MURISON Economy MARIE GIBERT SEYCHELLES Recent History KATHARINE MURISON Economy ROBERT E. LOONEY SIERRA LEONE Recent History LEIGHANN SPENCER Economy BJÖRN DAHLIN VAN WEES SOMALIA Recent History ANNA BRUZZONE Economy DUNCAN WOODSIDE SOUTH AFRICA Recent History CHRISTOPHER SAUNDERS Economy ROBERT E. LOONEY SOUTH SUDAN Recent History DUNCAN WOODSIDE Economy DUNCAN WOODSIDE SUDAN Recent History DUNCAN WOODSIDE Economy DUNCAN WOODSIDE TANZANIA Recent History MICHAEL JENNINGS Economy JÖRG WIEGRATZ TOGO Recent History KATHARINE MURISON Economy PAUL MELLY UGANDA Recent History MICHAEL JENNINGS Economy JÖRG WIEGRATZ ZAMBIA Recent History SISHUWA SISHUWA Economy DUNCAN WOODSIDE ZIMBABWE Recent History CHRISTOPHER SAUNDERS Economy ALBERT MAKOCHEKANWA PART THREE Regional Information REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS MAJOR COMMODITIES OF AFRICA CALENDARS RESEARCH INSTITUTES CONCERNED WITH AFRICA SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY (BOOKS) SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY (PERIODICALS)

Europa Publications’ regional publications are compiled by a team of editors and researchers, with introductory and country-specific material provided by specialists in their field: Alexandre Abreu. Researcher, Centre of African and Development Studies, University of Lisbon, Portugal. George M. Bob-Milliar. Senior Lecturer, Department of History and Political Studies, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. Sir Mervyn Brown. Former British Ambassador in Madagascar. Member, Académie Malgache. Anna Bruzzone. Stipendiary Lecturer in European and World History, University of Oxford, United Kingdom. Marisé Castro. Researcher, Amnesty International, International Secretariat, London, United Kingdom. Tony Chafer. Professor of African and French Studies, Centre for European and International Studies, University of Portsmouth, United Kingdom. Julian Cooke. Editor of the Anglo-Malagasy Society Newsletter. Devon E. A. Curtis. Lecturer in Politics and International Studies, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom. Moudwe Daga. PhD candidate, Department of Politics and International Studies, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, United Kingdom. Björn Dahlin van Wees. Economist specializing in sub-Saharan Africa. Juan Fandos-Rius. Encyclopaedist and historian of the Central African Republic. Sheereen Fauzel. Researcher, PhD in Development Economics, University of Mauritius, Mauritius. Marie Gibert. Visiting Fellow, Centre for European and International Studies Research, University of Portsmouth, United Kingdom. Solomon M. Gofie. Associate Professor, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia. Stephen Harmon. Late Professor of History, Pittsburg State University, Kansas, USA. Abdourahmane Idrissa. Assistant Professor, African Studies Centre, Leiden University, Netherlands, and Humboldt Researcher,University of Göttingen, Germany. Michael Jennings. Senior Lecturer in International Development, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, United Kingdom. Warka Solomon Kahsay. Saint Francis Xavier University, Antogonish, Canada. Fred van der Kraaij. Economist specializing in Liberia and the Western Sahel. Robert E. Looney. International consultant specializing in economic development and Distinguished Professor, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA. Hugh Macmillan. Research Associate, African Studies Centre, University of Oxford, United Kingdom. Giuseppe Maimone. Adjunct Professor, Department of Political Sciences and International Relations, University of Palermo, Italy. Albert Makochekanwa. Lecturer, Department of Economics, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe. Zoe Marriage. Reader in Development Studies, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, United Kingdom. Paul Melly. Journalist specializing in francophone Africa and Associate Fellow of the Africa Programme at the Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House), United Kingdom. Ticky Monekosso. Journalist and researcher specializing in human rights, development issues and related humanitarian affairs in Africa, and founder of Afromedi@net. Katharine Murison. Former Editor of Africa South of the Sahara. Luca Raineri. Research Fellow in Security Studies, Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy. Brad Safarik. Lecturer in Political Science and International Relations, Universite´ Catholique de l’Ouest, Angers, France, and Associate Researcher, Les Afriques dans le Monde, Institute d’Etudes Politiques de Bordeaux, France. Christopher Saunders. Emeritus Professor, Department of Historical Studies, University of Cape Town, South Africa. Boopen Seetanah. Professor, Co-Chair of the WTO Chair Programme and Director of Research at the International Centre for Sustainable Tourism and Hospitality, University of Mauritius, Mauritius. Gerhard Seibert. Associate Researcher, Centre for International Studies, ISCTE—Lisbon University Institute, Portugal. Max Siollun. Historian and author specializing in Nigeria’s political and military history. Sishuwa Sishuwa. Lecturer in African History, University of Zambia, Zambia. Donald L. Sparks. Emeritus Professor of International Economics, The Citadel, Charleston, South Carolina, USA, and Lecturer in International Business, Management Centre Innsbruck, Austria. Leighann Spencer. PhD candidate, Charles Sturt University, Australia, and Tutor in Justice Studies, La Trobe University, Australia. David Styan. Department of Politics, Birkbeck, University of London, United Kingdom. Verena Tandrayen-Ragoobur. Associate Professor of Economics and Statistics, University of Mauritius, Mauritius. Helen Ware. Professor of Peace Studies, School of Humanities, University of New England, Armidale, Australia. Jörg Wiegratz. Lecturer in Political Economy of Global Development, School of Politics and International Studies, University of Leeds, United Kingdom. Duncan Woodside. Journalist and ana