Physical Pharmacy and Instrumental Methods of Analysis

TRAMA

This book caters to the basic need of the pharmacy graduates studying physical and analytical chemistry, a subject taught in all the four years. This book covers the pharmaceutical aspect and applications of topics in pharmacy, use of basic physical chemistry concepts to pharmaceutical science, e.g., calculation of pH of drug solutions, determination of shelf life of drugs, water content in drug substances, relationship of partition coefficient with drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, etc. Considering the target audience, i.e., undergraduate student, the language of the book has been kept simple and lucid so that the students do not find difficulty in understanding the basic concepts of the subject. This book is also covering syllabus of two subjects, viz. physical chemistry and analytical chemistry so that students need not to search for separate books for different topics/chapters. The book also includes solved problems to help understand the concepts better.

SOMMARIO

1. Introduction and Physical Properties of Drug Molecules 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Dimensions and Units 1.3 Electromagnetic Radiation 1.4 Atomic Spectra 1.5 Molecular Spectra 1.6 Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrophotometry1.7 Fluorescence and Phosphorescence 1.8 Infrared Spectroscopy 2. Solution 2.1 Definition2.2 Solvent in a Solution 2.3 Types of solutions 2.4 Methods of Expressing the Concentration of a Solution 2.5 Factors Affecting Solubility 2.5.1 Effect of Temperature 2.5.2. Nature of Solute and Solvent 2.5.2 Effect of Pressure 2.6 Solubility Expressions Judge Yourself 3. Colligative Properties 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Definition3.3 Classification3.3.1 Lowering of Vapour Pressure 3.3.2 Measurement of Lowering of Vapor Pressure 3.4 Osmotic Pressure 3.4.1 Theories of Semi-Permeable Membrane Contents3.4.2 Osmotic Pressure 3.4.3 Measurement of Osmotic Pressure 3.4.4 Effects of Osmosis 3.4.5 Reverse Osmosis and Desalination 3.5 Elevation of Boiling Point 3.5.1 Determination of Boiling Point Elevation 3.6 Depression of Freezing Point 3.6.1 Determination of Molar Mass from Depression inFreezing Point 3.6.2 Determination of Depression in Freezing Point Judge Yourself 4. The Distribution Law 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Definition4.3 Solubilities and Distribution Law 4.4 Limitations of Distribution Law 4.5 Thermodynamic Derivation 4.6 Modifications in Distrabution Law4.6.1 When Solute Undergoes Association inany one of the Solvent 4.6.2 When Solute Undergoes Dissociation inany one of the Solvent 4.6.3 The Solute Enters into Chemical Combinationwith one of Solvent 4.7 Applications of Distribution Coefficient4.7.1 Association of a Solute 4.7.2 Dissociation of a Solute 4.7.3 Distribution Indicators 4.7.4 Extraction with a Solvent 4.7.5 Partition Chromatography Judge Yourself 5. Ionization and Ionic Equilibria 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Arrhenious Concept [Savanti Arrhenius (Doctoral thesis in 1887)] 5.2.1 Role of Water 5.3 Bronsted–Lowery Concept 5.4 Lewis Electronic Concept 5.4.1 Hydrogen Ion Concentration 5.4.2 Ionization of Water 5.5 Ionization of Acids and Bases 5.5.1 Conversion of Hydrogen Ion Concentration to pH. 5.5.2 Common Ion Effect 5.6 Buffers5.6.1 Buffer of Weak Acid and its Salt 5.6.2 Buffer of Weak base and its Salt: NH4OH & NH4Cl 5.6.3 Buffer Capacity 5.6.4 Maximum Buffer Capacity 5.6.5 Buffer Capacity and Neutralization Curve5.7 Hydrolysis of Salt 5.7.1 Hydrolysis Constant 5.7.2 Degree of Hydrolysis 5.7.3 Salt of Weak Base and Strong Acid 5.7.4 Salt of Weak Acid and Weak Base 5.8 Solubility Product Judge Yourself 6. Chemical Kinetics 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Rate and Order of Reaction 6.3 Molecularity 6.4 Specific Rate Constant6.5 Units of Basic Rate Constant 6.6 Calculation of Reaction Rate 6.7 Zero Order Reaction 6.7.1 Characteristics of Zero Order Reaction 6.7.2 Example of Zero Order Reaction 6.7.3 Apparent Zero Order Kinetics 6.8 First Order Reaction 6.8.1 Examples of Order Rate Kinetics 6.9 Second Order Reaction 6.10 Methods for Determination of Order of A Reaction 6.10.1 Method of Integration (Hit and trial method) 6.10.2 Graphical method 6.10.3 Half Life Method x Physical Pharmacy and Instrumental Methods of Analysis6.11 Factors that Affect Reaction Rate 6.11.1 Concentration 6.11.2 Pressure 6.11.3 Surface Area 6.11.4 Nature of Reactants 6.11.5 Temperature 6.12 Theories of Chemical Kinetics 6.12.1 Collision Theory 6.12.2 Transition State Theory 6.13 Decomposition and Stabilization of Medicinal Agents 956.14 Summary Judge Yourself 7. Catalysis 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Types of Catalyst 7.2.1 Catalyst Poison 7.2.2 Induced Catalysis 7.2.3 Catalyst Promoter 7.2.4 Autocatalysis 7.3 Characteristics of a Catalyst 7.4 Theories of Catalysis 7.4.1 The Intermediate Compound Formation Theory 7.4.2 The Adsorption Theory 7.5 Types of Catalysis 7.5.1 Homogenous Catalysis 7.5.2 Heterogeneous Catalysis 7.5.3 Enzyme Catalysis 7.6 Catalytic Poisoning 7.7 Applications of Catalysis Judge Yourself 8. Electrochemistry 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Definition of Terms8.2.1 Conductance (c) 8.2.2 Resistance 8.2.3 Conductivity Contents xi8.2.4 Resistivity 8.2.5 Molar Conductance 8.2.6 Equivalent Conductance 8.3 Types of Conductors 8.4 Laws of Electric Current 8.4.1 Ohms Law 8.4.2 Faraday`s Law of Electrolysis 8.4.3 Kohlrausch’s Law 8.4.4 Electrolytic Conductance 8.4.5 Mechanism of Electrolytic Conductance 8.6 Conductivity Cell 8.6.1 Types of Conductivity Cell 8.6.2 Cell Constant 8.7 Factors Affecting Electrolytic Conductance 8.7.1 Nature of Electrolyte 8.7.2 Concentration of the Solution 8.7.3 Temperature 8.8 Applications 8.8.1 Determination of Degree of Dissociation ofWeak Electrolyte 8.8.2 Basicity of Organic Acids 8.8.3 Determination of Solubility and SolubilityProduct of Sparingly Soluble Salt 8.8.4 Ionic Product of Water 8.8.5 Determination of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in Water Judge Yourself9. Potentiometry 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Cell 9.2.1 Galvanic Cell 9.2.2 Notation 9.2.3 Conductance in Cell 9.2.4 Liquid Junction 9.3 Cell Types 9.3.1 Concentration Cell 9.3.2 Electrolytic Cell 9.3.3 Electrochemical Cell xii Physical Pharmacy and Instrumental Methods of Analysis9.4 Reversible and Irreversible Cells 9.5 Electrode Potential 9.5.1 Calomel Electrode 9.5.2 Standard Electrode Potential 9.6 Cell Potential 9.7 Reversible Electrodes 9.7.1 Electrodes Reversible with Respect toCation or Electrode of First Kind 9.7.2 Electrodes Reversible with Respect toAnion or Electrode of Second Kind 9.7.3 Electrodes of Third Kind 9.7.4 Oxidation Reduction Electrodes orElectrodes of Fourth Kind 1349.8 Some Common Reversible Electrodes 9.8.1 Meta-Metal Ion Electrode 9.8.2 Gas Electrode 9.8.3 Ion Selective Electrodes (ISE) 9.8.4 Selectivity of Ion Selective Electrodes 9.9 Sensing Electrodes 9.9.1 Polymer Membrane Electrodes (Organic IonExchangers and Chelating Agents) 9.9.2 Solid State Electrodes (Insoluble ConductiveInorganic Salts) 9.9.3 Gas Sensing Electrodes9.9.4 Glass Membrane Electrodes 9.10 Glass Electrode9.10.1 Construction 9.10.2 Storage 9.10.3 Advantages 9.10.4 Disadvantage 9.11 Reference Electrodes 9.11.1 Primary Reference Electrode e.g.Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) 9.11.2 Working 1429.11.3 Secondary Reference Electrode 9.11.4 Silver/Silver Chloride Electrode 9.12 Potentiometric Titration 9.12.1 Modes of Titration Contents xiii9.12.2 Acid Base Titration 9.12.3 Oxidation Reduction Titration 9.12.4 Complexometric Titration 9.13 Summary Judge Yourself 10. Aquametry 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Chemical Methods 10.2.1 The Karl Fischer Titration Method 10.2.2 Direct Titration by Karl Fischer Reagent 10.2.3 Residual Titration using Karl Fischer Reagent 10.2.4 Coulometric Method: (Electrometric Method) 10.3 Physical Methods (Azeotropic Distillation) 10.3.1 Apparatus 10.3.2 Procedure 10.4 Gas Chromatographic Method 10.5 Conductometric Method Of Water Determination 10.6 Thermal Method 10.6.1 Loss on Drying 10.7 Summary Judge Yourself 11. Spectrofluorimetry11.1 Introduction 11.2 Theory 11.3 Rate of Absorption And Emission 11.4 Deactivating Factors 11.4.1 Vibr

AUTORE

Dr. Mymoona Akhter, Ph.D. (Pharmaceutical Sciences), is Professor of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Director, Centre for teaching support and innovations, Jamia Hamdard, Deputy Coordinator, Bioinformatics Infrastructure Facility, Jamia Hamdard, and Treasurer, Indian Pharmaceutical  Association, Delhi State Branch. She got her B. Pharm in Pharmaceutical Sciences, M. Pharm in Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and Doctorate Degree (Ph.D.) in Pharmaceutical Chemistry at Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India. She has been bestowed with several honors like APP Women Scientist Award 2023 by Association of Pharmacy Professionals, Women Scientist of the year 2019, by Society for Women in Science and Technology, the SERB- fast track research project award for young scientists by DST, Govt. of India (2012), the Career Award for Young Teachers by AICTE (2010), and SERC Visiting Fellowship by DST (2005). Dr. Akhter has received research grants to the tune of more than Rs. 1.5 crores from UGC/ ICMR/ AYUSH/AICTE/ DST/ DBT. She has published more than 130 research articles in journals of repute and 3 books and 3 book chapters. She is supervising scientific research of the postgraduate and the doctoral level Dr. M. Mumtaz Alam, Ph.D. (Pharmaceutical Sciences), is Professor of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, and Dy. Director, School of Distant Learning Jamia Hamdard. He got his B. Pharma in Pharmaceutical Sciences, M. Pharm in Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and Doctorate Degree (Ph.D.) in Pharmaceutical Chemistry at Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India. He has received research grants from UGC/ AICTE. He has published more than 150 research and review articles in journals of repute and 5 books. He is supervising scientific research at the postgraduate and the doctoral level.

ALTRE INFORMAZIONI

• Condizione: Nuovo
• ISBN: 9783031367762
• Dimensioni: 240 x 168 mm Ø 592 gr
• Formato: Copertina rigida
• Illustration Notes: XVI, 225 p. 43 illus.
• Pagine Arabe: 225
• Pagine Romane: xvi