Climate Change and Ecosystems Challenges to Sustainable Development

The global population is projected to increase by 3.3 billion from 6.7 billion in 2008to 10 billion in 2100. As a result, soil degradation and desertification are growing due to the increasing demand for food, feed, fiber, and fuel on finite soil resources. The problem of global food insecurity may be further worsened by the threat of global warming. Climate change is showing its impacts in terms of increasing temperatures, variable rainfall, and an increase in climate-related extremes such as floods, droughts, cyclones, sea-level rise, salinity, and soil erosion. The agriculture sector is the most sensitive to climate change because the climate of a region/country determines the nature and characteristics of vegetation and crops. Increase in the mean seasonal temperature and decrease in effective precipitation can reduce the duration of many crops, may lead to outbreaks of pests and diseases, and hence reduce final yield ultimately affecting the food security of the country. Despite the positive impact of CO2 fertilization, the net productivity may decrease because of an increase in respiration rate, drought stress, and nutrient deficiency. For example, for every 75 ppm increase in CO2 concentration, rice yields will increase by 0.5 t/ha, but the yield will decrease by 0.6 t/ha for every 1°C increase in temperature. The global agricultural productivity is expected to decrease from 3% to 16% by 2080. The estimated decrease in agricultural productivity in the developing countries is 10%–25% in the 2080s, where average air temperature is already near or above crop tolerance levels. This book is intended to serve as a stimulating collection that will contribute to debate and reflection on the sustainable future of agriculture and food production in the face of global change. Features: This book brings together a multidimensional group of international scholars exploring the ethical dimensions of climate change and ecosystem. New strategies have been pointed out in this book for better sustainable development. This book has been designed to provide a good overview of major challenges facing policymakers, researchers, and ultimately humankind in dealing with climate change. This book summarizes the diverse features of vulnerability, adaptation, and amelioration of climate change in respect to plants, crops, soil, and microbes for the sustainability of the agricultural sector, and, ultimately, food security for the future. This book provides a state-of-the-art description of the physiological, biochemical, and molecular status of the understanding of abiotic stress in plants.

Chapter 1. Microbial Flora of Marble Waste Polluted Environment in the Phylogenetic PerspectivesZeeshan Ahmad & Shujaul Mulk Khan Chapter 2. Interaction of Environment and EntomologyNazish Huma Khan, Tooba Saeed, Muhammad Ilyas Chapter 3. Climate Change, Insects and Global Food ProductionRida Akram, Khizer Amanet, Javed Iqbal, Maham Fatima, Muhammad Mubeen, Ashfaq Ahmad, Hafiz Umar Farid, Sajjad Hussain, Musaddiq Ali, Ayman El Sabagh, Shah Fahad, Wajid Nasim Chapter 4. Extreme High Temperature and Plant LifeMuhammad Arif, Talha Jan, Muhammad Riaz, Fazal Munsif, Shah Fahad, Muhammad Adnan, Muhammad Hamzah Saleem, Bibi Haleema, Fazal Munsif, Sajjad Zaheer, Fazal Jalal, Amanullah, Kawsar Ali, Fahd Rasul, Ishaq Ahmad Mian, Bushra Khan Chapter 5. Molecular and Physiological Mechanism of Native Plants to Combat Drought Stress Under Changing Climatic ConditionsHasnain Alam, Muhammad Zamin, Muhammad Adnan, Shah Fahad, Muhammad Arif, Amanullah, Sahar Mumtaz, Muhammad Hamzah Saleem, Rafiullah, Ishaq Ahmad Mian, Abdul Saboor Khan, Chapter 6: Climate Change Oriented Elevated Carbon Dioxide: Implications on Plant Physiology and Global Food SecurityHamayun Shaheen and Anila Ulfat Chapter 7. Effect of Environmental Pollution on Plant GrowthAmanullah, Shah Khalid, Imran, Hamdan Ali Khan, Muhammad Arif, Abdel Rahman Altawaha, Muhammad Adnan, Shah Fahad, Azizullah Shah, Brajendra Parmar, Sahar Mumtaz, Hamida Bibi, Nadia, Gohar Ayub, Muhammad Sajid Chapter 8. Phyto-Ecological Studies of Genus Phoenix (Linn.), (Dates palms) from Various Zones of PakistanAbdullah, Shujaul Mulk Khan, Zahoor ul Haq and Saifullah Chapter 9. Soil Biodiversity in Changing ClimateAhmed Ragab Henawy and Asmaa A. Halema Chapter 10. Biochar Magic Against of Abiotic StressesMona H. Soliman, Haifa Abdulaziz S. Alhaithloul, Hossam Eldean A. Awad, Munazzam Jawad Shahid, Shafaqat Ali, Amr A. El Kelish Chapter 11. Biomolecular Intervention in Understanding Plant Adaptation to Climate ChangeMuhammad Ilyas, Tariq Mahmood, Amjad-ur-Rahman, Fazli Wahid, Nazish Huma Khan, Muhammad Irfan Chapter 12. Halophytes Diversity as an Indicator to Saline Environment in PakistanMoona Nazish, Muhammad Zafar, Mushtaq Ahmad and Shazia Sultana Chapter 13. Bacterial Contamination in Food Chain; Sources, Impact and ControlMuhammad Shahid, Mohsin Khurshid, Muhammad Aamer Mehmood, Sana Malik, Irfan Manzoor, Sher Muhammad Chapter 14. Molecular and Ecological Mechanisms of Grasshopper Food Selection and Habitat AdaptationXinghu Qin, Huihui Wu, Weizhong Zhang, Xunbing Huang, Zehua Zhang Chapter 15. Climate Change: A Global Perspective Imran, Amanullah, Shah Khalid, Muhammad Arif, Abdur Rehman Altawaha, Shah Fahad, Muhammad Adnan Chapter 16. Pollinators Ecology and ManagementAbdel Rahman Mohammad Tawaha, Ekaterina Kozuharova, Hristo Valchev, Marian Hýbl, Petr Mráz, Denisa Kovárová, Mohamed Shebl Abd Elfattah, Laila Trioui, Abdel Razzaq Al- Tawaha, Ali M.Qaisi, Amanullah, Imran, Abdur Rauf, Shah Khalid,Shah Fahad

Dr. Shah Fahad is a Professor in the Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China. He obtained his PhD in Agronomy from Huazhong Agriculture University, China, in 2015. After doing his postdoctoral research in Agronomy at the Huazhong Agriculture University (2015–17), he accepted the position of Assistant Professor at the University of Haripur. He has published over 332 peer-reviewed papers (Impact factor 1050.18) with more than 300 research and 32 review articles, on important aspects of climate change, plant physiology and breeding, plant nutrition, plant stress responses and tolerance mechanisms, and exogenous chemical priming-induced abiotic stress tolerance. He has also contributed 58 book chapters to various book editions published by Springer, Wiley-Blackwell, and Elsevier. He has edited seventeen book volumes, including this one, published by CRC press, Springer, and Intech Open. He won Young Rice International Scientist award, Distinguish scholar award ,Top young investigator award, Dr Shah Jahan Agriculture award (PAS) in 2014, 2015, 2019 and 2021 respectively. He won 15 projects from international and national donor agencies. Dr. Shah Fahad name figured twice among the top two percent scientists in a global list compiled by the Stanford University, USA. Dr Shah Fahad name is also included in the distinguish list of 2021, Higly Cited Researchers announced by the Clarivate/Web of Sciences. He has worked and is presently continuing on a wide range of topics, including climate change, greenhouse emission gasses, abiotic stresses tolerance, roles of phytohormones and their interactions in abiotic stress responses, heavy metals, regulation of nutrient transport processes. Dr. Muhammad Adnan is a lecturer in the Department of Agriculture at the University of Swabi (UOS), Pakistan. He has completed his PhD (soil fertility and microbiology) from the Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences (SES) the University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan and Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, USA. He has received his MSc and BSc (Hons) in Soil and Environmental Sciences, from Department of SES the University of Agriculture, Peshawar-Pakistan.Dr. Shah Saud is currently working as an Assistant Professor in the College of Life Science, Linyi University, Linyi, China. He received his Ph.D. in Turf grasses (Horticulture) from Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China. He is currently working as a Post Doctorate researcher in department of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, and Harbin, China. Dr. Shah Saud has published over 160 research publications in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited five books and written 35 book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress responses, and environmental problems in relation to agricultural plants. According to Scopus®, Dr. Shah Saud’s publications have received roughly 3000 citations with an h-index of 34. Dr. Lixiao Nie, Professor, Ph.D. supervisor, Crop Cultivation and Farming System, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China. He received Ph.D. degree in Crop Cultivation and Farming System from Huazhong Agricultural University, China in 2008. In 2005-2007, He conducted his Ph.D. thesis research at the Philippines-based International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) under the supervision of Drs. Shaobing Peng and Bas Bouman. He then joined Huazhong Agricultural University and worked as a Crop Physiologist from 2008 to 2019. From 2019, he moved to Hainan University. His research mainly focuses on crop simplified and green planting and cultivation. He teaches courses related to plant physiology, and crop cultivation and has published more than 90 papers/chapters in international journals and books. His H-index and RG score are 28 and 35.83, respectively. He served as Editorial Board Member for international journals, Field Crops Research (2018-now) and Scientific Reports (2015-now), and Deputy editor in chief for a Chinese national journal (2020-now). He received "leading talents" and "one thousand talents project" from Hainan Province, China in 2020. In recent years, he presided over four NSFC projects and two National key R & D projects.